Suchergebnisse

En el presente trabajo analizamos el uso de big data, así como de tecnologías vinculadas a la inteligencia artificial, en las labores de ciberpatrullaje y ciberinvestigación que realizan las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad. Nuestro objetivo principal es evidenciar aquellos aspectos que, en relación con dicho empleo, precisan de un abordaje legal que asegure la transparencia y el control de su funcionamiento, reduciendo, asimismo, los riesgos implícitos en su potencial capacidad de afectar derechos fundamentales. No puede examinarse el recurso a estas nuevas tecnologías sin alertar, igualmente, de los peligros de incurrir en una deriva probabilística que acabe reduciendo la actuación policial a la aplicación acrítica y automática de fórmulas algorítmicas.

In this paper we address a question of undoubted topicality and relevance: the application of criminal precautionary measures to subjects in whom a situation of disability exists. The analysis of this issue is framed in a legislative context that is particularly conducive to this, since the recent Draft of LECrim could led to a substantial change in this matter. Despite the general favorable assessment that this reform could deserve, this study highlights various aspects in need of review and different problems that the proposed regulation may lead to. In sum, can it be concluded that the projected norm sufficiently fulfills the expectations placed in this regard? ; En el trabajo que se presenta se aborda una cuestión de indudable actualidad y relevancia: la aplicación de medidas cautelares penales a sujetos en quienes concurre una situación de discapacidad. El análisis de esta cuestión se enmarca en un contexto legislativo especialmente propicio para ello, pues la eventual aprobación del reciente Anteproyecto de LECrim podría suponer un cambio sustancial en esta materia. Pese a la general valoración favorable que la reforma planteada pudiera merecer, en el presente estudio se subrayan diversos aspectos necesitados de revisión y se destacan distintos problemas que la regulación planteada puede propiciar. ¿Puede, en suma, concluirse que la norma proyectada colma suficientemente las expectativas depositadas a este respecto?

Es un lugar común en el Derecho Procesal Penal destacar el importante papel que juega la ejecución en la consecución de la tutela judicial efectiva. Su relevancia ha motivado que las sucesivas reformas legislativas hayan querido subsanar las debilidades que se revelan en la praxis, tratando de favorecer una ejecución más ágil y eficaz. En las páginas que siguen se analizará en qué medida el Borrador de Anteproyecto de Código Procesal Penal ha incidido en esta materia, destacando tanto sus aspectos positivos como aquellos otros que, a nuestro juicio, merecen ser replanteados. ; It is a common place in the Criminal Procedural Law to emphasize the important role that plays the enforcement in the achievement of due process. Its pertinence has motivated that the successive legislative reforms have sought to address the weaknesses that are revealed in the praxis, trying to encourage a more agile and effective enforcement. In the pages that follow we will analyze the extent to which the Preliminary Draft of the Criminal Procedure Code has been influential in this field, highlighting both its positive aspects as those others which, in our view, deserve to be rethought.

Este artículo contiene 63 páginas, 16 figuras, 3 tablas. ; Sponges are amongst the most difficult benthic taxa to properly identify, which has led to a prevalence of cryptic species in several sponge genera, especially in those with simple skeletons. This is particularly true for sponges living in remote or hardly accessible environments, such as the deep-sea, as the inaccessibility of their habitat and the lack of accurate descriptions usually leads to misclassifications. However, species can also remain hidden even when they belong to genera that have particularly characteristic features. In these cases, researchers inevitably pay attention to these peculiar features, sometimes disregarding small differences in the other "typical" spicules. The genus Melonanchora Carter, 1874, is among those well suited for a revision, as their representatives possess a unique type of spicule (spherancorae). After a thorough review of the material available for this genus from several institutions, four new species of Melonanchora, M. tumultuosa sp. nov., M. insulsa sp. nov., M. intermedia sp. nov. and M. maeli sp. nov. are formally described from different localities across the Atlanto-Mediterranean region. Additionally, all Melonanchora from the Okhotsk Sea and nearby areas are reassigned to other genera; Melonanchora kobjakovae is transferred to Myxilla (Burtonanchora) while two new genera, Hanstoreia gen. nov. and Arhythmata gen. nov. are created to accommodate Melonanchora globogilva and Melonanchora tetradedritifera, respectively. Hanstoreia gen. nov. is closest to Melonanchora, whereas Arhythmata gen. nov., is closer to Stelodoryx, which is most likely polyphyletic and in need of revision. ; This research has been performed in the scope of the SponGES project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 679849. This study was funded by the European Commission LIFE C "Nature and Biodiversity" call, and included in the INDEMARES (07/NAT/E/ 000732) and INTEMARES (LIFE15 IPE ES 012) projects. The Biodiversity Foundation, of the Ministry of Environment, was the institution responsible for coordination these projects. The present investigation was undertaken as part of the NAFO Potential Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems-Impacts of Deep-Sea Fisheries project (NEREIDA) (Grant Agreement S12.770786), which is supported by Spain's General Secretary of the Sea (SGM), Spain's Ministry for the Rural and Marine Environment, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography, the Geological Survey of Canada, the Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the UK's Centre for the Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), the Russian Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, and the Russian P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (RAS). Sample MZB 2019–1740 was collected under the ABRIC project (Ref. RTI2018-096434-B-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Finally, AS was the recipient of the 2019 Young Scientist Best Paper Award of the Dept. of Marine Biology and Oceanography at the Institute of Marine Sciences, which provided funding for the SEM imaging, alongside with the grant Consolidate SGR378 Benthic Ecology from the Generalitat de Catalunya awarded to MJU with the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). ; Peer reviewed

ABSTRACT Background: Lithistid demosponges, also known as rock sponges, are a polyphyletic group of sponges which are widely distributed. In the Northeast Atlantic (NEA), 17 species are known and the current knowledge on their distribution is mainly restricted to the Macaronesian islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, 14 species are recorded and generally found in marine caves. Methods: Lithistids were sampled in nine NEA seamounts during the scientific expeditions Seamount 1 (1987) and Seamount 2 (1993) organized by the MNHN of Paris. Collected specimens were identified through the analyses of external and internal morphological characters using light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with material from various museum collections as well as literature records. Results: A total of 68 specimens were analysed and attributed to 17 species across two orders, seven families, and seven genera, representing new records of distribution. Ten of these species are new to science, viz. Neoschrammeniella inaequalis sp. nov., N. piserai sp. nov., N. pomponiae sp. nov., Discodermia arbor sp. nov., D. kellyae sp. nov., Macandrewia schusterae sp. nov., M. minima sp. nov., Exsuperantia levii sp. nov., Leiodermatium tuba sp. nov. and Siphonidium elongatus sp. nov., and are here described and illustrated. New bathymetric records were also found for D. ramifera, D. verrucosa and M. robusta. The Meteor seamount group has a higher species richness (15 species) compared to the Lusitanian seamount group (six species). The majority of the species had their distribution restricted to one seamount, and ten are only known from a single locality, but this can be a result of sample bias. Discussion: The number of species shared between the seamounts and the Macaronesian islands is very reduced. The same pattern repeats between the NEA and Mediterranean Sea. This study demonstrates that NEA seamounts are ecosystems with a higher diversity of lithistids than previously thought, increasing the number of lithistids known to occur in the ...

Sponges are a dominant element of the Antarctic benthic communities, posing both high species richness and large population densities. Despite their importance in Antarctic ecosystems, very little is known about their reproductive patterns and strategies. In our study, we surveyed the tissue of six different species for reproductive elements, namely, Dendrilla antarctica Topsent, 1905 (order Dendroceratida), Phorbas areolatus (Thiele, 1905), Kirkpatrickia variolosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907), and Isodictya kerguelenensis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (order Poecilosclerida), and Hemigellius pilosus (Kirkpatrick, 1907) and Haliclona penicillata (Topsent, 1908) (Haplosclerida). Samples of these six species containing various reproductive elements were collected in Deception Island and were processed for both light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Even though we were not able to monitor the entire reproductive cycle, due to time and meteorological conditions, we report important aspects of the reproduction of these species. This includes oocyte and embryo morphology and cell ultrastructure, follicular structures and nurse cell activity, as well as vitellogenesis. All species were brooding their embryos within their mesohyl. Both oocytes and embryos were registered in the majority of the studied species, and a single sperm cell being carried to an egg for fertilization was observed in H. penicillata. While the reproductive periods of all species coincided temporally, some of them seemed to rely on a single spawning event, this being suggested by the synchronic oogenesis and embryogenesis occurrence of D. antarctica, P. areolatus and I. kerguelenensis. In contrast, K. variolosa had an asynchronous embryo development, which suggests several larval release events. Our results suggest that differences in the reproductive strategies and morphological traits might succeed in the coexistence of these species at the same habitat avoiding the direct competition between them. ; COPYRIGHT: © 2018 Koutsouveli et al. This is an ...

ABSTRACT. Deep-sea sponge-dominated communities are complex habitats considered hotspots of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. They are classified as Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem and are listed as threatened or declining as a result of anthropogenic activities. Yet, studies into the distribution, community structure and composition of these habitats are scarce, hampering the development of appropriate management measures to ensure their conservation. In this study we describe a diverse benthic community, dominated by a lithistid sponge, found in two geomorphological features of important conservation status —Le Danois Bank and El Corbiro Canyon— of the Cantabrian Sea. Based on the analyses of visual transects using a photogrammetric towed vehicle and samples collected by rock dredge, we characterize the habitat and the associated community in detail. This deep-sea sponge aggregation was found on bedrock. It is dominated by one lithistid sponge, Neoschrammeniella aff. bowerbankii (0.2 ind./m2) and further composed of various sponge species as well as of other benthic invertebrates such as cnidarians, bryozoans and crustaceans. Using a non-invasive methodology (SfM – Structure from Motion) and empirical relationships of individuals size and biomass/volume obtained in laboratory for N. aff. bowerbankii, we were able to estimate a total biomass of 41 kg and volume of 39 l of this species in the surveyed area. This approach allows a fine tune methodology for estimating biomass and volume by image-based-observed area avoiding destructive techniques for this species. ; FUNDING. This research has been performed in the scope of the SponGES project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 679849. This study was partially funded by the European Commission LIFE + "Nature and Biodiversity" call, and included in the INDEMARES (07/NAT/E/000732) and INTEMARES (LIFE15 IPE ES 012) projects. The Biodiversity Foundation, of the Ministry of ...

ABSTRACT Connectivity is a fundamental process driving the persistence of marine populations and their adaptation potential in response to environmental change. In this study, we analysed the population genetics of two morphologically highly similar deep-sea sponge clades (Phakellia hirondellei and the 'Topsentia-and-Petromica' clade, (hereafter referred to as 'TaP clade')) at three locations in the Cantabrian Sea and simultaneously assessed the corresponding host microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A virtual particle tracking approach (Lagrangian modelling) was applied to assess oceanographic connectivity in the study area. We observed overall genetic uniformity for both sponge clades. Notably, subtle genetic differences were observed for sponges of the TaP clade and also their microbiomes between a canyon and bank location, < 100 km apart and with the same depth range. The Lagrangian model output suggests a strong retention of larvae in the study area with variable inter-annual connectivity via currents between the three sampling regions. We conclude that geologic features (canyons) and the prevailing ocean currents may dictate sponge holobiont connectivity and that differentiation can emerge even on small spatial scales. ; ABBREVIATIONS TaP cladeTopsentia-and-Petromica clade ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We dedicate this study to Hans Tore Rapp, friend, mentor and esteemed colleague whose outstanding expertise in deep-sea sponge taxonomy will be dearly missed. We greatly acknowledge the crew and scientific party of RV Ángeles Alvariño cruise SponGES0617 for their valuable support at sea. As well as members of the IEO Gijón for logistical support during a guest stay of KB before the cruise. We appreciate Andrea Hethke's and Ina Clefsen's, as well as Thomas Hansen's assistance in the laboratory after the cruise while generating the microbial amplicon and flow cytometry data. We thank Willi Rath for support in technical issues with the modelling part, and Lara Schmittmann and Ina Clefsen for technical support with 18S ...

ABSTRACT The peripheral areas of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are often inhabited by an assemblage of animals distinct to those living close to vent chimneys. For many such taxa, it is considered that peak abundances in the vent periphery relate to the availability of hard substrate as well as the increased concentrations of organic matter generated at vents, compared to background areas. However, the peripheries of vents are less well-studied than the assemblages of vent-endemic taxa, and the mechanisms through which peripheral fauna may benefit from vent environments are generally unknown. Understanding this is crucial for evaluating the sphere of influence of hydrothermal vents and managing the impacts of future human activity within these environments, as well as offering insights into the processes of metazoan adaptation to vents. In this study, we explored the evolutionary histories, microbiomes and nutritional sources of two distantly-related sponge types living at the periphery of active hydrothermal vents in two different geological settings (Cladorhiza from the E2 vent site on the East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean, and Spinularia from the Endeavour vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, North-East Pacific) to examine their relationship to nearby venting. Our results uncovered a close sister relationship between the majority of our E2 Cladorhiza specimens and the species Cladorhiza methanophila, known to harbor and obtain nutrition from methanotrophic symbionts at cold seeps. Our microbiome analyses demonstrated that both E2 Cladorhiza and Endeavour Spinularia sp. are associated with putative chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, including Thioglobaceae (present in both sponge types) and Methylomonaceae (present in Spinularia sp.). These bacteria are closely related to chemoautotrophic symbionts of bathymodiolin mussels. Both vent-peripheral sponges demonstrate carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures consistent with contributions to nutrition from chemosynthesis. This study expands the number of known ...