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The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify, categorize, and evaluate the empirical research that has been conducted on everyday family life. Fifty‐three empirically based articles focusing on everyday family life were included in the analysis, which focused on the conceptual, empirical, and theoretical content. According to our review, everyday family life comprises three dimensions: emotions, actions, and temporality. It is a continuously constructed process in which family members transmit emotions, engage in activities, and schedule timetables in the course of interactions with each other and with the wider social context. Three empirical or theoretical approaches were identified: the emotion transmission approach, the cultural activity approach, and the constructionist approach, all of which adopt research methods and concepts sensitive to daily fluctuations.

This article discusses links between parents' work and adolescent psychosocial wellbeing from an adolescent perspective. What do adolescents think about their parents' work? According to adolescents, do parents have enough time and energy for them? Are there links between adolescents' perceptions of parents'work and their own wellbeing? In the research the sample consisted of 140 Finnish adolescents (mean age 15.9) derived from the longitudinal Adolescent Relationships and Well-Being study. The results indicate that, although most of the adolescents had rather positive perceptions of their parents' work, they also perceived their fathers as especially spending long hours at work and their mothers as being often in a bad mood after work. Boys were more positive in their evaluations of their parent's work than girls and had more materialistic wishes, whereas girls expressed more empathy. Negative perceptions of parents' work were linked to depression and negative school attitude (fathers' work only). Parental warmth and acceptance partially mediated these links. It is concluded that from the adolescent point of view parental working conditions should be taken seriously.

This study examined the associations of work schedules and spousal satisfaction among Finnish (n = 347), Dutch (n = 304) and British (n = 337) parents. In addition to comparing parents with nonstandard schedule with parents in regular day work, the study examined separately the roles played in spousal satisfaction of morning, evening, night and weekend work and other working time-related variables (working hours, changes in and influence over one's work schedules and spouse's work schedule). The three-country data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with a multigroup procedure in Mplus. Little evidence for negative associations of work schedules and related factors with spousal satisfaction was found among the present European employees. No between-country differences were found in the examined associations. The quantitative analyses were supplemented with content analysis of parents' descriptions of the experienced effects of their working times on their spousal relationship. Parents described their working times mostly as having a negative influence on their possibilities of being together, organization of daily life, psychological and physiological reactions and spousal communication. Some, however, also mentioned benefits and finding solutions to problems related to their working times.

In this study, relationship maintenance and its connections with positive and negative relationship quality were examined among Finnish parents (N = 177 women and 153 men; i.e., partners from 150 couples and 27 women and 3 men whose partner did not participate in the study). Relationship maintenance was measured using Stafford, Dainton, and Haas's (2000) version of the RMSM and two‐dimensional relationship quality using Fincham and Linfield's (1997) PANQIMS. Structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze paired data. Women were found to report more relationship maintenance behaviors than their partners. The results showed further that relationship maintenance was connected with both positive and negative relationship quality. Women's maintenance was linked with their own positive and negative relationship quality and their partners' negative quality. Men's relationship maintenance was connected only with their own experiences of positive quality. All in all, women's relationship maintenance played a more central role for relationship quality.

AbstractThis study examined the quality and fluctuation of daily moods as well as health routines and means of recovery from work strain among employees (n = 38) working nonstandard, often unpredictable schedules in the retail and services sector in Finland. Data were collected via a background questionnaire and a one‐week mobile diary. The results indicated that the daily moods of employees were relatively positive but varied greatly from day to day. Hectic working days, unpredictable changes in work schedules, and compounded responsibilities at home and work were reported as causes of daily strain stemming from work. In contrast, more sleep and exercise were positively associated with daily mood and, therefore, are likely to enhance recovery from work related strain. Additional activities employees reported as useful in recovering from work strain included low‐effort leisure activities along with social activities with family and friends, as well as mastery experiences stemming from successful work experiences.

Purpose
Despite the pressure on work-family polices arising from the increase in nonstandard working times in various sectors, only a few studies have addressed management practices in 24/7 workplaces. This paper aims to investigate the challenges Finnish managers face in meeting the various tensions stemming from nonstandard working hours and services operating 24/7. Two typical 24/7 work contexts are focused: the hospitality and retail industries and flexibly scheduled early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. The emphasis is on management practices relating to the planning of work shifts and children's care schedules.


Design/methodology/approach
Study 1 comprises focus group interviews with middle managers (N = 20) working in hotels, stores and service stations with restaurants and shopping facilities. Study 2 uses survey data on directors (N = 20) of centers offering flexibly scheduled ECEC services.


Findings
The results showed that management in 24/7 workplaces raises issues of fairness and social responsibility. Managers in both sectors were faced with constantly varying service demands, leading further to changes and unpredictability in employee working times. Alongside organizational goals, the business managers reported needing to consider employee needs and the ECEC service directors the well-being of parents and children. They also reported seeking the most cost-effective way to deliver services at a time of budget cuts.


Research limitations/implications
The relatively small sample sizes and non-representative nature of the data restrict the generalizability of the results.


Practical implications
Service organizations need to design a 24/7 strategy that includes organizational communication and guidelines on fair work scheduling. Key issues in management are finding ways to enhance predictability within unpredictability, discussing the most common ethical problems and developing the skills needed to manage diversity. These are elements that should be included in management training.


Originality/value
The study contributes to the literature by focusing on seldom studied issues and innovately approached by comparing two work sectors.

In the reorganisation of the family that inevitably follows childbirth, parents need to develop strategies for co-parental cooperation. Drawing on the theoretical framework of family systems theory and co-parenting, this study explores how Finnish heterosexual first-time parental couples construct co-parental cooperation at four to six months postpartum. Qualitative survey and diary data were analysed using thematic analysis and typification. Seven areas that couples saw as promoting or hindering co-parental cooperation, and three different co-parenting family types (alternating parents, equal sharers and stressed searchers) were identified. Many couples experienced working together in an equal, supportive and mutually satisfying way. Parents' daily communication and experiences of mutual support were perceived as necessary for well-functioning co-parental cooperation. However, couples' daily lives were complicated by various challenges (for example, fathers' overtime work and imbalance in parenting roles). Parents' egalitarian aspirations should be considered in political decision making, the work culture and the services offered to families.

This study examined the association between parental work schedules and non-parental childcare arrangements among dual-earner families in Finland, the Netherlands and the UK. Data from the 'Families 24/7' web-survey were used, including 937 parents with children aged 0-12 years. Results showed a negative association between non-standard work and formal childcare across all countries. A similar association was found for using a combination of formal and informal childcare, whereas solely using informal childcare was not associated with work characteristics. Country differences showed that, compared with Finland, the probability of using formal childcare was lower in the Netherlands, whereas the probability of using informal childcare was higher in the UK. Interaction effects showed that the negative association between non-standard work and formal childcare was stronger in the Netherlands, compared with Finland. Also, the positive association between working hours and formal childcare was weaker for Dutch and British parents. This study identified the challenges that parents face when arranging childcare outside of office hours. Although the supply of formal childcare seems to be insufficient, using informal childcare introduces other potential problems. Because a considerable proportion of employees work non-standard hours, governments should help these parents in meeting their need for high quality childcare. ; peerReviewed

Present-day parenting is centred round the question of time, especially in the case of working parents. This study analysed negotiations over time in families where one or both parents work non-standard schedules, that is, during evenings, nights and weekends. We asked what aspects of time are negotiable and with whom, and who in the family bears the ultimate responsibility for these negotiations. The analysis was based on interviews with 47 people conducted in 2013 in Finland. The findings indicated that time negotiations within the family concerned everyday routines and schedules, social life and the family‗s philosophy. Family life and schedules in the context of non-standard schedules were often subject to moralising remarks from others, including close relatives and friends. Parents seemed to have some room to negotiate on the timing of their work schedules with their employers. Men and women differed in the positions they adopted in time negotiations: women took an active "I" perspective, while men took a more passive spousal perspective. This result shows that traditional gender differences continue to prevail.

This study explored the effects of working time patterns on positive parenting and parenting stress, and the moderating effects of working hours, the unpredictability of work schedules, and autonomy over working time in a European context. This cross-national survey study compared Finnish (n = 337), Dutch (n = 283) and British (n = 317) mothers with children under the age of 13, using structural equation modeling with a multigroup procedure. We found a connection between working time patterns and positive parenting but the nature of the connection differed between countries. In all three countries, no relationship was found between working time pattern and parenting stress, while unpredictable work schedules were associated with both reduced positive parenting and increased parenting stress. The study contributes to our understanding of the role that country-specific socio-cultural context plays in the impact that working time patterns can have on parenting.

This study focuses on interprofessional collaboration in low-threshold family services. Understanding the reasons for problems in developing joint activities in the field of family support requires investigation of professionals' perceptions and experiences of interprofessional collaboration. The data comprised five focus group interviews with professionals working in the low-threshold open meeting places for families. These professionals form part of the coordinated services provided by family centres. A narrative framework enabled in-depth analysis of the relational actions constructing interprofessional collaboration. Three story types about interprofessional collaboration in the family support were identified: (1) the Bridge Builder story unifying service silos; (2) the Everyday Encounterer story about developping relationships; and (3) the Equality Seeker story promoting equality in activities across both families and professionals. The results indicate that to increase interprofessional collaboration in family support, a dialogic partnership with administrators, working-group members, families and the community is needed.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkastella työntekijöiden kuvauksia ja havaintoja siitä, miten ohjatussa äiti–lapsi-vertaisryhmässä tuetaan vanhemmuutta ja selviytymiskykyisyyttä. Tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä sovellettiin resilienssitutkimuksen ja Seligmanin (2011) PERMA-hyvinvointiteorian käsitteitä. Tutkimuksen kontekstina oli matalan kynnyksen perhekeskustoiminta ja kohteena äiti–lapsi-vertaisryhmä. Lähestymistapana sovellettiin tapaustutkimusta, ja menetelminä olivat työntekijöiden (N=2) parihaastattelut tutkimusjakson alussa ja lopussa sekä puolistrukturoidut päiväkirjat, joihin työntekijät kirjasivat huomioitaan omista toimintatavoistaan ja vuorovaikutustilanteista äitien ja lasten ryhmätapaamisista kolmelta ajanjaksolta. Aineisto analysoitiin temaattisen sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena tunnistettiin neljä selviytymiskykyä ja vanhemmuutta vahvistavaa työntekijän toimintatapaa: yhteisen tekemisen järjestäminen ja toiminnan sanoittaminen, kannustaminen ja vahvuuksien tunnistaminen, myönteisen ilmapiirin luominen sekä lähellä oleminen. Sosiaalipedagoginen työote ilmeni vertaisryhmän työntekijöillä toimivan vuorovaikutuksen rakentamisena, yhteisöllisyyden vahvistamisena ja yhteisön kasvatuksellisten mahdollisuuksien etsimisenä. Tutkimus antaa uutta tietoa työkäytänteistä, joilla voidaan vahvistaa vanhempien selviytymiskykyisyyttä perhekeskuksen matalan kynnyksen kohtaamispaikoissa.