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The accessibility of four political constructs -- candidates, issues, groups, & parties -- was examined via analysis of 3 election studies conducted in 1956-1960, 1972-1976, & 1984, which questioned respondents about their likes & dislikes regarding two major political parties & candidates. Results demonstrate the stability of the political constructs & their usefulness in processing political information. A voting model, identifying voters relying on these types of political information, was tested & validated. Results are consistent over the three studies. The use of information-processing approaches to study macrolevel political questions is discussed. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 25 References. Modified HA

The problem of negative campaigning -- The literature of negative campaigning -- Who uses negative campaigning? -- The effectiveness of negative campaigning -- Negative campaigning in open seat contests -- Effects of negative campaigning on the political system -- Normative thoughts on negative campaigning.

"Decision Strategies in Politics" published on by Oxford University Press.

Criticisms of the system by which the American political parties select their candidates focus on issues of representativeness-how choices are dominated by relatively small numbers of ideologically extreme primary voters, or how residents of small states voting early in the process have disproportionate influence. This paper adds a different concern, albeit one that still addresses representativeness. How well do primary and caucus voters represent their own values and interests with their vote choices? Lau and Redlawsk's notion of "correct voting" is applied to the 2008 U.S. nominating contests. Four reasons to expect levels of correct voting to be lower in caucus and primary elections than in general election campaigns are discussed. Results suggest that voters in U.S. nominating contests do much worse than voters in general election campaigns, often barely doing better than chance in selecting the candidate who best represents their own values and priorities. Discussion focuses on institutional reforms that should improve citizens' ability to make correct voting choices in caucuses and primaries. Adapted from the source document.