The internal conflict between adat and religious (known as Paderi) groups in Minangkabau was initiated by the involvement of Dutch in the early 19th century. As requested by the Adat group to demolish the domination of Paderi, the Dutch had commenced to attack the Paderi group. Starting from that time, Ulama from religious groups had fought against the Dutch colonialism manifested in many forms of resistances. This study aims at reviewing types of resistance of Ulama in Minangkabau to the Dutch colonialization from the early 19th century until the early 20th century. Anchored in historical research methods involving heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography, the data were analysed from the perspective of social conflict and history of thought. Finding reports the two types of resistance namely physical and non-physical ones triggered by various reasons i.e. religion, politics, economics and others.
The geographical conditions of the Malay Peninsula as the trade traffic in the Southeast Asian region make this area a destination for shipping from various ethnic groups in the archipelago as well as from other parts of the world, including theBugispeople from the southern Sulawesi mainland. In its development, in addition to make a living, they gradually begin to jointhe government structure of theJohor-Riau-Lingga-PahangKingdom.Bugisexistence in the government structure experiences its own dynamics towards the kingdom which later changes its name to the Kingdom ofRiauLingga. This research is a historical study with a focus on the political dynamics andthe existence ofBugisin the Malay Kingdom in the 17th to 18th century. Besides changing the structure of government, thepositionas Yang Dipertuan Muda, which was held by descendants also gives changes tothe development ofthe kingdom. Even so, Yang Dipertuan Muda must face internal conflicts in the kingdom due to their dominancein the government administration. ; Kondisi geografis Semenanjung Melayu sebagai lalu lintas perdagangan kawasan Asia bagian Tenggara membuat daerah ini menjadi tujuan pelayaran dari berbagai etnis di Nusantara maupun dari belahan dunia lain, termasuk Orang Bugis yang berasal dari daratan Sulawesi bagian selatan. Dalam perkembangannya, selain untuk mencari penghidupan, lambat laun mereka mulai masuk ke dalam struktur pemerintahan Kerajaan Johor-Riau-Lingga-pahang. Kehadiran orang Bugis dalam struktur pemerintahan tersebut mengalami dinamika tersendiri terhadap kerajaan yang kelak berubah nama menjadi Kerajaan Riau Lingga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah dengan fokus pada dinamika politik dan eksistensi orang Bugis dalam Kerajaan Melayu pada rentang abad ke-17 hingga 18. Selain merubah struktuur pemerintahan, posisi sebagai Yang Dipertuan Muda yang dijabat keturunan juga membawa perubahan terhadap perkembangan kerajaan tersebut. Sekalipun demikian, Yang Dipertuan Muda juga harus menghadapi konflik internal dalam kerajaan akibat dominasi mereka dalam usrusan pemerintahan. The geographical conditions of the Malay Peninsula as the trade traffic in the Southeast Asian region make this area a destination for shipping from various ethnic groups in the archipelago as well as from other parts of the world, including theBugispeople from the southern Sulawesi mainland. In its development, in addition to make a living, they gradually begin to jointhe government structure of theJohor-Riau-Lingga-PahangKingdom.Bugisexistence in the government structure experiences its own dynamics towards the kingdom which later changes its name to the Kingdom ofRiauLingga. This research is a historical study with a focus on the political dynamics andthe existence ofBugisin the Malay Kingdom in the 17th to 18th century. Besides changing the structure of government, thepositionas the Crown Prince, which was held by descendants also gives changes tothe development ofthe kingdom. Even so, the Crown Prince must face internal conflicts in the kingdom due to their dominancein the government administration.
Abstrak Komunikasi tetap bisa terjalin meskipun dalam masa pandemic covid 19. Dewasa ini, komunikasi daring melalui platform media menjadi solusi yang paling efektif sebagai sarana interaksi satu sama lain meskipun tidak saling bertemu. Komunikasi Interpersonal yaitu Komunikasi tatap muka secara tidak langsung yang berfungsi sangat efektif di sosialisakan kepada siswa/I MAN Bintan. Sehingga dengan diadakan Seminar Komunikasi Interpersonal Daring pada Siswa/I Man Bintan dengan menggunakan aplikasi whatsapp dan zoom meeting ini dapat menerapkan program pemerintah dalam pencegahan Covid 19 agar tetap stay at home dan physical distance. Abstract Communication still can be used even in this Covid-19 situation. Nowadays, virtual communication through any platform become effective as interaction media without meet each other. Interpersonal communication is an indirectly communication for understanding each other personality, more effective to implement for students of MAN Bintan. So by this Virtual Socialization of Interpersonal Communication for students of MAN Bintan using Whatsapp and Zoom Meeting Application can implement the government programs to prevent Covid-19 in order to stay at home and keep physical distancing.
