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One of the key challenges of modern times is climate change, which is occurring at an unprecedented pace. This phenomenon also affects the financial system through increased risks. In response to rising financial risks, central banks around the world are becoming more involved in climate policy. Within the framework of this article an analysis based on modern scientific literature is made to evaluate the participation of central banks in preventing climate change and stabilizing the financial system, as well as to assess the effectiveness of their policies. The article identifies potential connections between global warming on the financial system and evaluates this relationship based on the analysis of empirical evidence and mathematical models. In addition, the role of central banks in attracting green investments is estimated. The reaction of central banks to climate change and the destabilization of the financial system in developed and developing countries is considered within the article; in particular, the difference between the instruments used is analyzed. It is concluded that, currently, a more active climate policy is being pursued by the central banks of the developing countries. Finally, based on the analysis of international practices, recommendations are made for the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as it is exposed to significant transitional climate risks. The key recommendations include the need to differentiate the value of collateral assets and regulatory requirements for the structure of financial institutions' asset portfolios, depending on the risk of a decrease in their value due to the global community's fight against global warming and climate change.

The system of job positions and ranks, which is currently in operation in modern civil service in Russia, is similar to the Table of ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722. This article studies the evolution of this institution, exploring its advantages and disadvantages. The Table of ranks, being a part of Peter the Great's project of modernization, played an important role in organizing civil service. Civil servant's career was determined by the length of service, merits and education. Originally, ranks coincided with job positions, but by the end of the XVIII century they diverged, with the length of service becoming a priority for job promotion. The XIX century saw an increase in the number of civil servants and gradual decrease in theshare of the nobility in the total number of civil servants. During this period there were several attempts, however unsuccessful, to reform or to cancel the system of ranks. In October 1917 the Bolsheviks cancelled all ranks and titles. In the Soviet period, ranks were established for diplomats and public prosecutors. The system of ranks was renewed in early XXI centurywith the Federal law on "State civil service in the Russian Federation" adopted in 2004 and several Presidential decrees issued later. In fact, it was a new Table of ranks which was very close to that of Peter the Great' The number of ranks increased from 14 to 15, someof their names are nearly identical. However, the system of modern job positions is much more complicated than in XVIII century. So far, the correspondence between ranks and job positions is determined only for the top-level positions. The significance of the new Table of ranks for an effective civil service is still to be determined

The article discusses the current problems of the development of organic products market. The theoretical part notes the need to diversify agricultural production not only to maintain income and reduce risks, but also to support soil fertility and high yields, which can also be carried out during the transition to organic farming, when the farmer reduces the level of chemicalization of production in order to reduce externalities. The section of the agricultural policy review analyzes the main factors contributing to the development of organic products market, which include the development of a regulatory framework that creates certain rules and characteristics of organic products, as well as various kinds of subsidies that help both support the production of this type of product and consolidate a certain niche in the market for organic products. The study finds that despite high growth rates of organic market in many developed countries, the profitability of such projects as well as the complexity of the transition from traditional technologies to organic farming is debatable.

This article discusses the results of the study on the formation of the BRICS Sustainable Development Index. The authors describe the methodology of the index, the indicator selection process, and methodological problems and challenges, and also provide a detailed analysis of the dynamics of sustainable development goal (SDG) indicators for the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2015–20. The results of the study indicate both the overall progress of the BRICS countries toward SDG implementation and the presence of negative trends in a number of areas and for some countries. For 53 of the 64 indicators selected for the analysis, positive trends were recorded, on average, across BRICS. Nevertheless, the index identified several negative trends across a number of issue areas for individual states and for the group as a whole. These trends include: an increase in the average prevalence of malnutrition, an increase in the number of people in need of treatment for tropical diseases, increasing pressure on water ecosystems in the BRICS countries amid a decrease in their area, a decrease in the share of research and development expenditures of gross national product (GDP), and a decline in biodiversity indicators.

Data is an infinite resource, a new form of capital in the knowledge economy. In absence of data regulation, global technological corporations seek to expand their influence at each link in data chains and use their market power to build monopolies. Data can generate not only profits for tech giants but also social value; however, market forces by themselves will not create data-based public goods. For this, government actions are needed at the county level, and interstate and multilateral institutional cooperation is required at the international level. To date, despite numerous initiatives to establish coordination mechanisms and data regulation, cooperation on data governance is highly fragmented and gridlocked due to contradictions and tough competition between players. One of the key disagreements is related to the regulation of cross-border data flows. The article explores contradictions between the regulatory practices of the central actors in the digital economy, the U.S., the European Union (EU) and China in the first place, and the approaches they promote in international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of G20 (G20), the Group of 7 (G7), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In particular, the authors look at the G20's agenda on data governance and the initiative on free data flow with trust and consider its challenges and the risks of cooperation stagnation. The conclusion presents possible scenarios for future cooperation on data governance, their risks and perspectives, including the establishment of the Digital Economy and Data Governance Board by the G20, the G7's initiative on shaping global digital order, deepening of cooperation on data governance within the G7 and the OECD, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) proposal on building a multilevel, distributed polycentric data-governance model with the UN playing a central role. The authors conclude with a proposal on cooperation within BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) aimed at shaping inclusive multilateral data governance.

The impact of hypothetical restrictions on fossil fuel consumption, implemented through the introduction of a tax on CO2 emissions in the global economy and certain regions, on oil production by Russia, OPEC, and eight other major oil producers is assessed in this article. The first part of this study reviews the current literature on taxation of emissions in the global economy. Approaches to modelling such a policy and the problem of choosing the trajectory of the tax rate are analyzed, as are the main conclusions, consequences, and recommendations for the economic policy of oil exporting countries. Approaches to modelling pricing in the oil market are considered separately. The analysis shows that the premise of oligopolistic strategic interaction of oil exporters plays an important role in modelling the oil market. Subsequently, a model of strategic interaction between countries in the oil market is built according to the Cournot model. This model is calibrated using data on the parameter of demand as well as supply, including the production costs of individual exporting countries according to Rystad. Twelve scenarios for taxation of the industry through the introduction of a tax on CO2 emissions in the amount of $25, $50 and $75 dollars per ton of emissions are built. It is assumed that this tax is converted into a tax on the purchase of oil in proportion to the amount of emissions that are emitted when using each barrel of oil. For each initial value of the tax rate of the tax on emissions, cases are considered when the rate remains unchanged or increases at a constant rate of 1.5% per year. Further, the same options for taxation when applied only by developed countries are also considered. The analysis in this article shows that a gradual increase in the tax rate leads to accelerated oil production. It also reveals the significant role of the spillover effect between markets in the case of the introduction of a tax only in some countries. Thus, with the introduction of a tax of $50 per ton of emissions with an annual growth of 1.5% worldwide, the peak oil price is lower by $29.6 per barrel. With the introduction of such a tax only in developed countries, the fall in oil prices at its peak compared to the baseline scenario without taxation is $18.4 per barrel in the market where a tax was introduced, and $7.8 per barrel in a market that did not impose a tax. It is also indicated that, due to the introduction of the tax, Russia has one of the largest losses in revenue among all oil exporters.

At present many markets may be viewed as multisided with platforms where different groups of agents interact. However, many aspects of these markets are still not thoroughly studied, including the competition between platforms with the goal to increase user base. As noted in many theoretical works, due to the phenomenon of zero prices, non-price factors of competition play a leading role on such markets. Among others the importance of exclusive contracts is highlighted in scientific literature, but empirically their effect on the user base has not been fully estimated. In this study we examine video game market since its importance in global economy has increased in the recent decades. The effect of exclusivity on the total video game platforms' sales and on the sales volumes of individual video games is empirically estimated. As an additional control variable, the age rating of video games is included, which was not considered in prior works. Drawing on the results of estimating econometric model, the author concludes that for platforms on the video game market it is advantageous to increase the share of exclusive contracts, but this relationship is characterized by diminishing returns to scale. On the other hand, for video game developers exclusive distribution on a particular platform results in lower overall sales. Based on these results it can be concluded that platforms can compete for exclusive contracts and in the process of negotiating for exclusivity a compensation from the platform should be provided to video game developers

In the face of climate and environmental problems caused by carbon emissions, China is taking positive actions, such aspromoting the achievement of the emission peak of traditional energy sources, accelerating the optimization of industrial andenergy structures, promoting and improving the construction of the national carbon trading market, increasing investmentand scientific research work to develop new energy sources, and several other actions. The administrative approach plays animportant role in the development of China's low-carbon economy. The carbon trading system also greatly promotes energyconservation and emission reduction, contributes to attracting investment in low-carbon technology and transforming theenergy structure and is becoming an important policy guarantee for China's carbon emission reduction. However, at thesame time, China's carbon trading market faces many practical challenges. For China, the task of reducing carbon emissionsthrough carbon trading alone is unrealistic. China's current actions on carbon taxation are not broad enough to regulateemission reductions. With the implementation of carbon trading, there is a need to establish a carbon tax as a policy optionto further strengthen the regulation of emission reduction. The introduction of a carbon tax should consider the relationshipbetween economic and social development and carbon reduction and coordinate the relationship between the carbon tax andcarbon trading system on various aspects, including the field and object of taxation, tax rates, use of tax revenue and therelationship between the authorities regulating the two policies, to leverage their complementary roles.

The 2022 Indonesian presidency was a critical juncture in the history of the Group of 20 (G20). Indonesia took over the presidency at a time when surging tensions between the U.S., China and Russiaimpeded concerted action by the G20 essential to secure sustainable and equitable recovery and long-term growth. Following the launch of the special military operation in Ukraine, the Group of 7 (G7) put immense pressure on the presidency to expel Russia from G20 activities. Emerging market countries wanted Russia to remain a member and regarded the pressure as an effort to enhance the G7's dominance in the forum's decision-making. Their choice was in favour of the G20, which can cooperate as an institute equally owned by emerging market and advanced countries, thus driving reform and restoring multilateralism. The G20 was deeply split. The presidency managed to save the agenda and ensured that the G20 remained a premier forum of cooperation between advanced and emerging economies in which the voice of the emerging economies at the negotiating table was strong and pluralism prevailed. This article analyses how the G20 survived the crisis activated by exogeneous and endogenous shocks in 2022 and whether and how it transformed in the course of this critical juncture. The article presents a qualitative case study of G20 dynamics in 2022, tracing interactions of the interdependent variables—actors, institutions, and agendas. The study applies a systemic process analysis and content analysis of the key actors' narratives. The article starts with a review of the G20's state-of play at the Indonesian presidency's takeover from Italy and examines the new presidency's agenda. It then outlines the main challenges the world and the G20 faced in early 2022, just before the eruption of the crisis. It goes on to explore the tensions within the G20, the roles played by the presidency, the G7, and the BRICS group formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The author focuses on the endeavor by Joko Widodo's team to steer the G20 through the external pressures and internal confrontations, forge collective decisions on the presidency's priorities, save the institution as a catalyst for global economic recovery, and advance an agenda that would respond to developing countries' interests. It concludes by summing up variables affecting the G20's performance and development in 2022 and the causes of its resilience.

The concept of a "climate club" has been presented by researchers as an attempt to ensure progress in the achievement of the Paris goals through the adoption of more ambitious targets and restrictive measures, including carbon pricing, by a group of countries, preferably those responsible for a larger share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Theoretical models are virtually impossible to implement in practice, so attempts have been made to develop club configurations that take into account political, economic and institutional realities. Based on this body of work, the first concepts of clubs that can be realistically implemented are presented. They differ in terms of membership conditions, levels of policy harmonization, ambitions of goals, and ways to punish free riders. Attempts to take into account the interests of countries with different levels of development and strength of climate policy, as well as willingness to introduce new restrictive measures, lead to weakening of the institutional structure and reduction of efficiency. However, some aspects of cooperation can still be developed to ensure the reduction of emissions, harmonization of standards being one of them

The objective of this article is to reveal the most demanded competencies for senior management personnel and to discuss the methods and approaches for assessing such competencies within the framework of Open Mass Personnel Contests (OMPC). The articleprovides an overview of modern research on competencies of business leaders, as well as literature on approaches to assessing the competencies of civil servants: the focus of researchers is increasingly shifting to the skills and abilities of a manager to create value through conscious interaction with the team and stakeholders. The paper presents the approaches to assessing competencies of candidates for senior management positions at the contest «Leaders of Russia». It is shown that, other things equal, persons representing senior management personnel in large organizations were more successful than other groups at different stages and were more likelyto win the competition. This indicates that the procedures of the competition, most likely, contributed to the achievement of the main goal - the selection of people with competencies corresponding to the top management. Basic socio-demographic characteristics (gender and age) were not associated with the success of the selection process. The author concludesthat an open competition with a transparent way of assessing competencies using different methods both allows to select promising managerial personnel and ensures inclusiveness in the selection for senior positions. At the same time, factors such as correct conducting of all stages of an OMPC, ensuring sufficient quality and quantity of candidates at the entrance,and careful selection of competency assessment tools are of great importance.

Data are not a new economic resource, but their level is now growing at an unprecedented rate as a result of digital devices and services proliferation. Analysis of emerging national data regulatory systems shows significant differences in country approaches, especially in relation to cross-border data flows, depending on economic specifics and national interests. Differences in approaches between major actors pose challenges for other countries, increase the fragmentation of the global regulatory environment, create uncertainty, and multiply compliance costs for businesses. These factors determine the importance of international cooperation on data governance. The author reviews the approaches of four BRICS countries – China, India, Brazil and South Africa – to data governance, primarily regulations of cross-border flows, as well as data localization requirements. Based on the results of the review, general trends of the reviewed countries' approaches to data governance have been identified, leading to the conclusion that BRICS cooperation can be strengthened, primarily in the area of mutual recognition of the existing and discussed data protection measures adequacy to ensure mutually beneficial cross-border data movement.

The field of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) is one of the most promising in education, and these professionals are employed in high-tech and creative industries that determine the future of global economy. The paper presents a detailed analysis of this sphere based on original approaches, both in the Russian Federation at large and in its regions. In Russia more than half a million people are annually admitted to STEAM training courses for higher education programs. Contrary to the all-Russian trend of reducing the number of students, enrollment for these programs has been steadily growing. According to the latest data, about 36% of university graduates in Russia have a specialty within STEAM. For comparison, this share in South Korea, Singapore, and Germany is above 45%. The largest share of specialists is trained in Tomsk region, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. At the same time, the number of STEAM graduates decreased in 41 Russian regions. In 2022, therisks for STEAM industry in Russia increased markedly: there is a migration outflow of most qualified personnel, with declining domestic demand for them. Over six months from February to August 2022, the total number of vacancies in the Russian labor market decreased by 9%, while STEM - by 23% (IT - by 32.5%). This may affect the long-term scientific and technological development of the country: our calculations show the importance of STEAM for creating start-ups, increasing publication and innovative activity. The article concludeswith some measures for developing STEAM as a tool for long-term development and a way to adapt the country to external shocks.