Suchergebnisse

In a stagnating urban economy, Elijah Anderson's (1999) Code of the Street depicts a disadvantaged environment where residents face high levels of joblessness, poverty, racial residential isolation, and family disruption. Anderson argues that the loss of job opportunities for African‐American men deprived younger generations of traditional male role models. That is, in a disadvantaged urban setting with a lack of male role models participating in legitimate labor market activity, many young people may turn to violence. Drawing on insights from Anderson's ethnographic work, we assess the generality of Anderson's claims more broadly and explore the potential connection between his work and the macrolevel research on urban violence. Specifically, we explore the influence of male role models (older, employed black males) and the concentration of urban disadvantage on black juvenile arrests for violence across multiple cities in 2000. Overall, we find empirical support for Anderson's concerns over the removal of traditional male role models from urban areas as a result of concentrated disadvantage. Specifically, we find that the presence of traditional male role models reduces the rates of African‐American youth violence. Additionally, our measure of traditional male role models mediates the relationship between structural disadvantage and juvenile violence. We discuss the contributions of Anderson's work to the macrolevel study of urban violence.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- Intimate Partner Violence -- Statistics -- The Movement and the Criminal Legal System -- Immigration in the United States -- Immigrants, Refugees, Intimate Partner Violence, Intersectionality, and Federal Policy -- Intimate Partner Violence and Immigration -- Federal Policy -- Federalism and Policy Development in the United States -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 2. Methodology -- The Current Study -- Search Strategy -- Measures -- Construct Development -- Final Coding -- Display of Findings -- Overall Theoretical and Empirical Strategy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3. State Statutes, Identity, and Federal Policy -- Introduction -- States, Regions, Effective Dates, and Subjects -- Timing -- Subjects -- Human Trafficking -- Law, Identity, and Stigma -- Identities -- Immigration Terms -- Victimization Terms -- The Federal-State Policy Connection -- Battered Spouse or Child Waiver -- VAWA Self-Petition -- U-Visa -- T-Visa -- Cancellation of Removal -- Refugee Status -- Asylum -- Other Policy Components -- Discussion -- Human Trafficking -- Immigration Terminologies -- Victimization Terminologies, Structure, Movements, Stigma, and Legal Operationalization -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. Extending Surveillance and Social Control -- Intersectionality, Surveillance, and Social Control -- Across-Time Permutation of Inequality -- Intersectionality -- Surveillance and Social Control -- Complexities of Surveillance and Social Control -- Statutes, Surveillance, and Social Control -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5. Constructing Resource Provision -- Standpoint, Collectivization, Ruling Relations, and Public Policy -- Constructing Resources and Protection.