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THIS IS MONTESQUIEU'S CLOSEST APPROXIMATION TO A DISCOURSE ON EXPLANATION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. THIS "ESSAY" FOCUSES ON THE DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN LAW, POLITICS AND SOCIETY. HE REVEALS HIMSELF HERE AS A BELIEVER IN A MATERIALISTIC PSYCHOLOGY IN EMPHASIZING THE DEPENDENCE OF THE HUMAN MIND UPON IMPRESSIONS GAINED BY THE SENSES. MORAL CAUSES, HOWEVER, MAY OUTWEIGH PHYSICAL CAUSES AND PREVAIL.

Replies to a critical response by Jeremy Rayner to the author's 'Conceptual History (Begriffsgeschichte) and Political Theory, ' in which he sought to inform political theorists who work in English about a genre, the history of concepts, and two notable works in that model. (JLN)

THE AUTHOR TACKLES THE PROBLEM OF "POLITICAL VOCABULARY." SOME THEORISTS USED VOCABULARY THAT WAS CONTEMPORARY AND COULD BE EASILY UNDERSTOOD BY THEIR AUDIENCE, WHILE OTHERS MAY MODIFY OR REVOLUTIONIZE THE LINGUISTIC AND CONCEPTUAL PRACTICES OF THEIR OWN OR A LATER TIME. THE PAPER ANALYZES THE WORKS OF MONTESQUIEU AND CONCLUDES THAT HIS LANGUAGE WAS A SHEWDLY CALCULATED COMPROMISE BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND THE SORT OF CHANGES JUDGED NECESSARY TO CONVEY THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS.

RAYMOND ARON DEVELOPED A STYLE OF POLITICAL THEORY UNIQUE NOT ONLY IN FRANCE BUT ELSEWHERE. HE COMBINED THE CAPACITY AND THE WILL TO INVESTIGATE IN DEPTH THE MAJOR POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF HIS DAY AND THEN TO MAKE CLEAR THEIR THEORETICAL MEANING AS WELL AS THEIR PROBABLE CONSEQUENCES IN ACTUAL PRACTICE. BOTH A PRACTICING JOURNALIST AND A WRITER OF SERIOUS ACADEMIC BOOKS, HE PUT HIS AWESOME INTELLECTUAL POWERS INTO THE SERVICE OF CLARIFYING POLITICAL CHOICES FOR THE INTELLIGENT CITIZEN AND THE GOVERNMENTAL POLICYMAKER ABLE TO THINK BEYOND THE SHORT TERM. THIS FUNCTION ARON PERFORMED AT A HIGHER THEORETICAL LEVEL THAN ANY OTHER COMMENTATOR OF HIS TIME, WHILE NEVER DISDAINING THE NEEDS TO MASTER THE HARD FACTS AND TECHNICAL LANGUAGES NEEDED TO CHART THE COMPLEX CHOICES GENERATED BY THE WORLD IN WHICH HE LIVED. HOW DID HE MANAGE TO LEARN SO MUCH ABOUT SO MANY FIELDS USUALLY REGARDED AS THE EXCLUSIVE PROVINCE OF ONE OR ANOTHER DEPARTMENTAL SPECIALIST? HE HAD TAUGHT HIMSELF TO SKIM RAPIDLY MOST OF WHAT HAD TO BE READ ABOUT THE FACTS OF A MATTER. AT THE OPPOSITE END OF THE SPECTRUM. USING HIS ANALYTICAL CAPACITY AS A PHILOSOPHER, HE DEVOTED MUCH TIME TO THOSE FEW THEORETICAL BOOKS THAT REALLY COUNTED. HE TAUGHT HIMSELF ECONOMICS BY JUST SUCH A CLOSE CRITICAL READING OF KEYNES'S GENERAL THEORY.

First published in 1858 under title: The municipalist. ; Mode of access: Internet.

High rates of urbanization lead to a fragmented urban form with unequal access to jobs, amenities and public services. The lack of efficient and adaptive layout and design, integrated land uses (Paton et al., 2013; Saunders & Becker, 2015), urban connectivity (Taaffe et al., 1963) and sufficient forward planning at all levels of government is identified as a shortcoming which only exacerbates the consequences of urbanization. Based on an analysis of spatial planning principles, this paper proposes a practical and policy-related set of tools for improved forward planning, promoting resilient layout planning and smart land use management as a means to enable diverse settlements to respond to events such as intense levels of urbanization. The case study is focused on the dualistic urban settlements of South-Africa, but principles proposed could be applied to other settlements with similar spatially distorted patterns. The proposed set of tools could potentially improve urban resilience and efficiency.

25 pags., 16 figs., 9 tabs., 2 apps. ; A spectral survey of IRC +10216 has been carried out in the range 11-14 μm with a spectral resolution of about 4 km s_1. We have identified a forest of lines in six bands of C2H2 involving the vibrational states from the ground to 3v5 and in two bands of HCN, involving the vibrational states from the ground up to 2v 2. Some of these transitions are observed also in H13CCH and H13CN. We have estimated the kinetic, vibrational, and rotational temperatures and the abundances and column densities of C2H 2 and HCN between 1R* and 300R* (≃1.5 × 1016 cm) by fitting about 300 of these rovibrational lines. The envelope can be divided into three regions with approximate boundaries at 0.019″ (the stellar photosphere), 0.1″ (the inner dust formation zone), and 0.4″ (outer dust formation zone). Most of the lines might require a large microturbulence broadening. The derived abundances of C 2H2 and HCN increase by factors of 10 and 4, respectively, from the innermost envelope outward. The derived column densities for both C2H2 and HCN are ≃1.6 × 1019 cm-2. Vibrational states up to 3000 K above ground are populated, suggesting pumping by near-infrared radiation from the star and innermost envelope. Low rotational levels can be considered under LTE, while those with J > 20-30 are not thermalized. A few lines require special analysis to deal with effects like overlap with lines of other molecules. © 2008. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. ; J. C. and J. P. F. would like to thank the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia for funding support through grant ESP2004-665, AYA2003-2785, and the ''Comunidad de Madrid'' government under PRICIT project S-0505/ESP-0237 (ASTROCAM). During this study, J. P. F. was supported by the CSIC and the ''Fondo Social Europeo'' under internship grant from the I3P Programme. This study is supported in part by the EuropeanCommunity's human potential Programme under contract MCRTNCT- 2004-51230, ''Molecular Universe''. M. J. R. is supported by grant AST 03-07497. Development of TEXES was supported by grants from the NSF and USRA. Observations with TEXES were supported by NSF grant AST 02-05518 and AST 06-07312. M. J. R., J. H. L., and others want to thank IRTF, which is operated by the University of Hawaii under Cooperative Agreement NCC 5-538 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Space Science, Planetary Astronomy Program ; Peer Reviewed

Energiepolitische Veränderungen erhöhen den Druck auf Produktionsunternehmen, erneuerbare Energiequellen zu nutzen. Deren Einbindung erfordert die Entwicklung neuer Ansätze zur Produktionsplanung und -steuerung (PPS). Dazu wird ein mehrstufiges simulationsbasiertes Verfahren für ein reales Job-Shop-Problem vorgeschlagen, welches die Shifting-Bottleneck-Heuristik zur Findung einer kundenorientierten Ausgangslösung auf Basis des prognostizierten Energieangebots nutzt. Vom resultierenden Lastprofil ausgehend wird eine Feinterminierung zur Optimierung von Lastspitzen unter Beachtung der Ergebnisse der Vorplanung durchgeführt. Auswirkungen kurzfristiger stochastischer Einflüsse werden überdies durch intelligente Produktionssteuerung, aber auch durch aktives Energie- und Lastmanagement kompensiert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden für das Anwendungsszenario Flexibilitätspotentiale abgeleitet und das Konzept des "ZIEL"-Systems erläutert. Darüber hinaus wird der aktuelle Bearbeitungsstand abgegrenzt und weiterführende Arbeiten vorgestellt.
 
Taking responsibility for a sustained energy policy the industry is more and more forced to enhance their engagement in the use of renewable energy. To go beyond energy efficient equipment new approaches in production planning and control tailored to meet both economic and ecological goals are needed. Hence, a multistage simulation based procedure for a real-life oriented job shop production scenario is proposed. It combines a modified version of the Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic for gaining a production plan with energy supply constraints and a sophisticated energy simulation with Matlab Simulink. Short-term and stochastic effects are tackled with suited production control strategies as well as active energy- and load-management. In this paper flexibility options for the use case are derived and the concept of the "ZIEL" system explained. The current work and the ongoing research are shown.

8 pags., 5 figs., 3 apps. ; We report on the detection of hot CO2 in the O-rich asymptotic giant branch star R Leo based on high spectral resolution observations in the range 12.8-14.3 μm carried out with the Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph (EXES) mounted on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). We found ≈ 240 CO2 emission lines in several vibrational bands. These detections were possible thanks to a favorable Doppler shift that allowed us to avoid contamination from telluric CO2 features. The highest excitation lines involve levels at an energy of ≈ 7000 K. The detected lines are narrow (average deconvolved width ≈ 2.5 km s-1) and weak (usually ≤ 10% the continuum). A ro-vibrational diagram shows that there are three different populations, warm, hot, and very hot, with rotational temperatures of ≈ 550, 1150, and 1600 K, respectively. From this diagram, we derived a lower limit for the column density of ≈ 2.2 × 1016 cm-2. Further calculations based on a model of the R Leo envelope suggest that the total column density can be as large as 7.0 × 1017 cm-2 and the abundance with respect to H2 ≈ 2.5 × 10-5. The detected lines are probably formed due to the de-excitation of CO2 molecules from high energy vibrational states, which are essentially populated by the strong R Leo continuum at 2.7 and 4.2 μm. ; The research leading to these results has received funding support from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 610256 NANOCOSMOS. EJM acknowledges financial support for this work through award #06_0144 which was issued by USRA and provided by NASA MJR and EXES observations are supported by NASA cooperative agreement 80NSSC19K1701. Based on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA is jointly operated by the Universities Space Research Association, Inc. (USRA), under NASA contract NAS2-97001, and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract 50 OK 0901 to the University of Stuttgart.