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Abstract. Genetic Similarity Theory extends Anthony D. Smith's theory of ethno‐symbolism by anchoring ethnic nepotism in the evolutionary psychology of altruism. Altruism toward kin and similar others evolved in order to help replicate shared genes. Since ethnic groups are repositories of shared genes, xenophobia is the 'dark side' of human altruism. A review of the literature demonstrates the pull of genetic similarity in dyads such as marriage partners and friendships, and even large groups, both national and international. The evidence that genes incline people to prefer others who are genetically similar to themselves comes from studies of social assortment, differential heritabilities, the comparison of identical and fraternal twins, blood tests, and family bereavements. DNA sequencing studies confirm some origin myths and disconfirm others; they also show that in comparison to the total genetic variance around the world, random co‐ethnics are related to each other on the order of first cousins.

Genetic Similarity Theory extends Anthony D. Smith's theory of ethno-symbolism by anchoring ethnic nepotism in the evolutionary psychology of altruism. Altruism toward kin & similar others evolved in order to help replicate shared genes. Since ethnic groups are repositories of shared genes, xenophobia is the 'dark side' of human altruism. A review of the literature demonstrates the pull of genetic similarity in dyads such as marriage partners & friendships, & even large groups, both national & international. The evidence that genes incline people to prefer others who are genetically similar to themselves comes from studies of social assortment, differential heritabilities, the comparison of identical & fraternal twins, blood tests, & family bereavements. DNA sequencing studies confirm some origin myths & disconfirm others; they also show that in comparison to the total genetic variance around the world, random co-ethnics are related to each other on the order of first cousins. 73 References. Adapted from the source document.

In response to the jointly established American & Canadian Psychological Assocs's "Initiative on Ethnopolitical Warfare," a genetic similarity theory of ethnic nationalism is described, showing that genes influence why people tend to marry & associate with others like themselves. The important pull of genetic similarity can be felt in both small groups & large ones (national & international). The reason people seek genetic similarity & fear or avoid dissimilarity is to be found in the sociobiology of altruism. Altruism to genetically similar others (extended kin) is an evolutionary mechanism that evolved to replicate similar genes. From this perspective, xenophobia can be perceived as the obverse concomitant of human altruism, & ethnic nationalism as a force inherent in human nature. 6 References. Adapted from the source document.

Metadata only record ; In recent years restocking programmes have been widely promoted by NGOs and governments across Africa as a method of rehabilitating destitute pastoralists. Well planned restocking projects are advocated as environmentally, economically and culturally beneficial. The paper examines the evidence for the claims, along with the role of restocking in drought recovery." (Heffernan and Rushton) ; Available in SANREM office, FS

Antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal production is now recognized to be an important contributor to the global problem of AMR. Initiatives to curb indiscriminate antimicrobial use in animal production are currently being discussed in many low- and middle-income countries. Well-designed, scientifically sound interventions aimed to tackle excessive antimicrobial usage should provide scientists and policy makers with evidence of the highest quality to guide changes in policy and to formulate better targeted research initiatives. However, since large-scale interventions are costly, they require careful planning in order not to waste valuable resources. Here, we describe the components of the ViParc project (www.viparc.org), one of the first large-scale interventions of its kind to tackle excessive antimicrobial usage in Southeast Asian animal production systems. The project has been formulated as a "randomized before-and-after controlled study" targeting small-scale poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. It aims to provide farmers with a locally-adapted veterinary support service to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. ViParc has been developed in the backdrop of efforts by the Government of Vietnam to develop a National Action Plan to reduce Antimicrobials in Livestock and Aquaculture. Crucially, the project integrates socio-economic analyses that will provide insights into the drivers of antimicrobial usage, as well as an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the proposed intervention. Information generated from ViParc should help the Government of Vietnam refine its policies to curb excessive antimicrobial usage in poultry production, while lessons from ViParc will help tackle excessive antimicrobial usage in other productions systems in Vietnam and in the broader Southeast Asian region.