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The nature of immigrant entrepreneurship is changing in Dutch society. Nowadays, many immigrant entrepreneurs start businesses in producer and personal services instead of more traditional sectors such as retail or hotel and catering. At the same time, a growing number of second-generation immigrants are setting up their own firms in the Netherlands. These second-generation immigrants-born and/or raised in the receiving country-are following different trajectories in comparison with first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs, indeed displaying a move away from traditional immigrant niches. Yet studies on second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs remain limited in both the Dutch and international literature on this subject. This study presents one of the first explicit comparisons between first and second-generation self-employed immigrants. The embeddedness of immigrants in local and transnational networks and the dynamics of the markets in which these entrepreneurs are active are examined based on in-depth interviews with immigrant entrepreneurs in Dutch cities. In doing so, this study provides a vivid, longitudinal view of first and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs, their incorporation into Dutch society, their businesses and business development(s). - Migranten van de tweede generatie in Nederland blijken als ondernemer aanmerkelijk succesvoller dan hun collega's van de eerste generatie. Dit blijkt uit de studie Dynamic Entrepreneurship van Katja Rusinovic. Rusinovic volgde voor haar promotieonderzoek langdurig eerste en tweede generatie migrantenondernemers in de vier grote steden. De resultaten van Rusinovic' studie laten zien dat de overlevingskansen van de tweede generatie groter zijn dan van eerste generatie migranten. Migranten van de tweede generatie vinden vaker hun weg naar financiële en andere (overheids)instanties waardoor zij minder afhankelijk zijn van steun uit eigen kring dan eerste generatie migranten. Ook richt de tweede generatie zich voornamelijk op klanten buiten de eigen etnische gemeenschap. Zakelijke contacten in het herkomstland blijven voor zowel de eerste als de tweede generatie een rol van betekenis spelen. Met hun sector keuze, hun oriëntatie op de Nederlandse samenleving, hun dynamiek en kansen op economisch succes maakt de tweede generatie een drastische bijstelling van het traditionele beeld van migrantenondernemers noodzakelijk.

AbstractIn this article we focus on local and transnational forms of active citizenship, understood as the sum of all political practices and processes of identification. Our study, conducted among middle‐class immigrants in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, indicates that the importance of active transnational citizenship should not be overstated. Among these immigrants, political practices are primarily focused on the local level; political practices directed to the home country appear to be quite rare. However, although transnational activities in the public sphere are rather exceptional, many immigrants do participate in homeland‐directed activities in the private sphere. If we look at processes of identification, we see that a majority of the middle‐class immigrants have a strong local identity. Many of them combine this local identification with feelings of belonging to people in their home country.

In the Netherlands, there is an increasing need for collective forms of housing for older people. Such housing bridges the gap between the extremes of living in an institutionalised setting and remaining in their own house. The demand is related to the closure of many residential care homes and the need for social engagement with other residents. This study focuses on housing initiatives that offer innovative and alternative forms of independent living, which deviate from mainstream housing arrangements. It draws on recent literature on healthcare 'rebels' and further develops the concept of 'rebellion' in the context of housing. The main research question is how founders dealt with challenges of establishing and governing 'rebellious' innovative living arrangements for older people in the highly regulated context of housing and care in the Netherlands. Qualitative in-depth interviews with 17 founders (social entrepreneurs, directors and supervisory board members) were conducted. Founders encountered various obstacles that are often related to governmental and sectoral rules and regulations. Their stories demonstrate the opportunities and constraints of innovative entrepreneurship at the intersection of housing and care. The study concludes with the notion of 'responsible rebellion' and practical lessons about dealing with rules and regulations and creating supportive contexts.