Suchergebnisse

Abstrak Pesawat MH17 merupakan penerbangan sipil dari Amsterdam tujuan Kuala Lumpur yang pada tanggal 17 Juli 2014 ditembak jatuh didaerah Donetsk yang secara de jure merupakan wilayah udara Ukraina. Lokasi jatuhnya pesawat MH17 merupakan wilayah yang dikuasai pemberontak Donetsk sokongan Rusia yang ingin melepaskan diri dari Ukraina. Penelitian awal oleh Belanda menunjukkan pesawat MH17 ditembak jatuh dari lokasi yang dikuasai pemberontak Donetsk. Hukum internasional mengatur larangan intervensi dalam konflik pada pasal 43 ayat (3) Protokol Tambahan 1 Konvensi Jenewa. Pasca penembakan muncul Resolusi DK PBB No. 2166 yang mengharuskan gencatan senjata sementara untuk melakukan investigasi penyebab jatuhnya pesawat MH17 tersebut. Pasal 26 Konvensi IV Den Hague dan 52 ayat (1) Protokol Tambahan 1 Konvensi Jenewa melarang serangan yang diragukan terlebih merupakan obyek sipil. Implikasi tindakan penembakan tersebut, pasal 51 ayat (8) Protokol Tambahan 1 Konvensi Jenewa mengharuskan pertanggungjawaban hukum atas tindakan pelanggaran tersebut. Upaya menuntut pertanggungjawaban hukum terkendala oleh penggunaan hak Veto oleh Rusia yang menggagalkan pembentukan pengadilan khusus untuk menyidik pelaku penembakan MH17 tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban pemberontak Donetsk atas jatuhnya pesawat MH17 serta menganalisis dan merumuskan penyelesaian sengketa terhadap jatuhnya pesawat MH17. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif/legal research dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, historis dan kasus. Bahan hukum penelitian ini terdiri dari bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan bahwa secara hukum internasional penyelidikan dari Badan Keselamatan Belanda memiliki legalitas hukum dikarenakan melakukan penyelidikan berdasarkan pada Resolusi DK PBB No. 2166 yang ditindaklanjuti dengan Resolusi ICAO terkait jatuhnya pesawat MH17. Subyek hukum yang berhubungan dengan pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam peristiwa ini ialah negara korban atau penuntut, Rusia sebagai negara penyokong dan belligerents. Pelanggaran hukum internasional yang terjadi yaitu penembakan obyek yang bukan sasaran militer yakni pesawat sipil atau penembakan yang tidak membeda-bedakan sasaran, tidak melakukan pencegahan sebelum melakukan serangan, kemudian adanya Rusia yang mengintervensi dengan menyokong persenjataan terhadap pemberontak berakibat terjadinya penembakan terhadap pesawat sipil tersebut. Pelanggaran juga terjadi karena Rusia melakukan tindakan veto yang dikualifikasikan sebagai Denials of Justice karena menghalangi pembentukan pengadilan khusus untuk menyidik pelaku penembakan pesawat MH17. Penyelesaian sengketa yang mungkin ialah mengesampingkan keterlibatan personil Rusia dan hanya menyidik belligerent dengan perangkat International Criminal Court dikarenakan mengakomodir subyek sengketa, terdapat mekanisme perjanjian khusus non-anggota, terlebih memiliki independensi serta tidak perlu mendapat mandat dari organisasi internasional lain. Kedepannya diperlukan penghapusan hak veto serta perubahan subjectum litis ICJ untuk kemudahan perlindungan hukum negara dan mewujudkan persamaan diantara negara-negara yang berdaulat. Kata Kunci: Hukum Internasional, Pesawat MH17, Penyelesaian Sengketa, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Abstract MH 17 Flight is civilian aircraft destination from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur when at July 17th, 2014 was shot down in Donetsk region in Ukraine as in law term de jure airspace. MH17 crash site is Donetsk rebel which is supported by Russia asking for independence from Ukraine. Preliminary investigations by Netherlands shows that MH17 was shot from rebel controlled area. International law set prohibition towards intervention of conflict in Article 43 section (3) Additional Protocol 1 of Geneva Convention. After shooting, there was UN Security Council Resolution No. 2166 which require temporary cease fire to investigate MH17 cause of crash. Article 26 Convention IV The Hague and Article 52 section (1) Additional Protocol 1 Geneva Convention prohibit doubted attack moreover civilian object. As implication of shootings, Article 51 section (8) require any legal liability for breach. Effort to demand legal responsibility fail by the veto right from Russia to gain special court to investigate the perpetrators of MH17 shooting. The purposes of this research are to analyse Donetsk belligerent responsibility for the MH17 crash and analyse and formulate settlement of dispute to the MH17 crash. This research is a normative / legal research with statute, conceptual, historical, and case approaches. Legal materials in this research are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The results of this research are regarding to international law, investigation results from Dutch Safety Board have a legality because it undertakes the investigation based on UN Security Council Resolution No. 2166 which followed by ICAO Resolution regarding MH17 crash. Subject of Law regarding to penal responsibility in this accident are state of victim/prosecutor, Russia as intervened State and belligerent. International law violation occurs when the object of shooting is not military object namely civilian aircraft or shooting without distinguish the objective, not to perform a preventive action before commencing the attack, thereafter Russian carry out intervention with support some armaments to the belligerent who cause the shooting to that civilian aircraft. Violation also happened because Russia takes its veto right which are qualified as Denials of Justice because, it prevents the establishment of special court to investigate the perpetrators of MH17 shooting. Most likely dispute resolution are set aside the involvement of Russian personnel and only investigate belligerent with International Criminal Court organ because it accommodates subject of dispute, special mechanism with specific agreement between non-member States, have an independency and doesn't need a mandate from another international organization. In the future, it requires the dismissal of veto right and modification of ICJ subjectum litis to ease legal protection of States and realize equality within sovereign States. Keywords : International Law, MH17 Flight, Dispute Resolution, Penal Responsibility

Rice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

Rice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

The purpose of this community partnership program were to provided the knowledge and skills of duck breeder communities in Maros Regency, especially in the hatchery aspect. Community service activities begin with a socialization stage to identify problems under supervision, observe training and mentoring, and post achievement activities. Through the stages of training activities, the service provider together with the breeders implements good hatching egg selection, applies the hatching of eggs using a hatching machine and is followed by handling post-hatch ducks. The level of participation in activities is quite high, with the participation of all breeders during service activities. It is hoped that this activity will increase the livestock population so that the income of breeders can be improved and improve the welfare of the community. In addition, community service activities that have been carried out support local government programs in developing duck livestock populations in the Simbang District, Maros Regency.