Suchergebnisse

This article explores the nature and structure of Polish discourses on copyright, specifically revealing to what extent social conflict over copyright is visible within these discourses and presenting the most important parties in this conflict. Following Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's discursive reconstruction of the hegemony, the article indicates that Polish copyright discourses are structured by an alternating sequence of discursive hegemonic and counter-hegemonic practices. The article specifies the most important logic applied within discursive battles over copyright by deconstructing the central dualities visible in Polish copyright debates. Hegemonization and counter-hegemonization of the discourses are indicated based on the discourse analysis of the Polish public debate on copyright and a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews and focus group interviews with representatives of selected parties in the social conflict over copyright.

The aim of the article is to analyze the Russian authorities' approach to the development of the digital economy and the digital society based on accepted digitization strategy, identification of the core policy directions and the conditions for their implementation, together with an initial assessment. The following research hypothesis has been adopted: Regardless of the concepts, program and strategy of the digitalisation of the economy adopted, the Russian authorities have been unable to generate effective mechanisms for their implementation and the deterioration of the economic situation slows down the process. The development of the digital economy and the digital society is a part of a centralized government's policy and the main beneficiaries of the process are the largest state-owned enterprises linked to elites. The most important barriers to the digitization of the economy and society result from the systemic problems of the Russian Federation and the economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. There are no prerequisites that would permit the assumption that, that the strategy and its program for the development of the digital economy in Russia that the strategies will be implemented in accordance with accepted assumptions and time frames.

The purpose of this article is to describe the main directions for developing the global technology and innovation cluster Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China. Strengthening productivity and enhancing innovation have become focal points of the country's next phase of economic growth. Under the conditions of the depleting traditional sources of growth and economic development in China, the initiatives aimed at the development of cluster structures play an important role in improving competitiveness, innovation and innovativeness of the economy. Among them, attention should be paid to the ambitious project to connect the major cities from the southern coast of China with Hong Kong and Macau into a cluster to provide an integrated economic and business centre of modern China. The main research question is: What are the opportunities and challenges in making the cluster concept at the initial stage of development a reality? A descriptive, comparative and analytical method has been used. The analysis has led to a few main conclusions. The GBA cluster has a great development potential. Creating a fully integrated region under the conditions of a collision between different legal, administrative systems and currency and business practices is a challenge. In order for a cluster to grow, it is essential to strengthen regional cooperation and to continue efforts to eliminate institutional and legal barriers in the region, to introduce incentives to encourage the establishment and development of cooperation between cluster participants, to provide reliable information and data on changes in the legal sphere and economic forecasts, and to create high quality local relationships to build and strengthen mutual partnership and trust.

Celem artykułu jest ocena poziomu rozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej i społeczeństwa cyfrowego w Federacji Rosyjskiej wraz z identyfikacją głównych trendów i wyzwań. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, iż poziom rozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej i społeczeństwa cyfrowego w Federacji Rosyjskiej kształtuje się na średnim poziomie w porównaniu do najbardziej konkurencyjnych na świecie gospodarek pod względem cyfryzacji. Mimo postępów w rozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej i społeczeństwa cyfrowego w FR w ramach programu cyfryzacji, wciąż występuje wiele obszarów wymagających poprawy i dalszych działań. Rządowy program cyfryzacji i ujęte w nim projekty mają znaczenie, ale pogorszenie koniunktury gospodarczej w FR wywołanej m.in. przez pandemię Covid-19 oraz wewnętrzne uwarunkowania systemowe nie sprzyjają ich wdrażaniu zgodnie z przyjętymi założeniami i ramami czasowymi (realizację wielu celów w ramach projektów ujętych w programie przesunięto do 2030 r.). Postępy w procesie cyfryzacji FR służące gospodarce i społeczeństwu dostrzegalne będą w perspektywie długookresowej.

The goals of the paper are: to analyse the scale and nature of foreign direct investments (FDI) in the economic cooperation between France and China; to explain the main reasons for the Chinese capital commitment in the form of FDI in the European Union (EU) and France as well as French one in China; and to identify the conditions and barriers in the flow of FDI and the main activities undertaken by France and the EU to introduce more symmetry in relations with China. The following research hypothesis has been adopted: FDI are an important element of the economic cooperation between France and China, which is developed despite barriers including differences in potentials and asymmetry in market access. In the face of China's growing activity in the global economy, noticing the benefits, France does not question the bilateral relations but puts more emphasis on the need to create coherent and coordinated strategy towards China at the EU level. This analysis allowed formulation of a few main conclusions. The recent dynamic inflow of Chinese FDI to the EU (including France) is closely connected with China's measures aimed at reinforcing its position in the global economy. The dynamic and nature of Chinese FDI coming to France and other EU countries, asymmetry in access to markets, the Belt and Road Initiative, changes in the US trade policy and divisions among EU member countries pose challenges to the EU. France is fully committed to creating a common EU strategy towards China and restoring the balance within the EU-China strategic partnership.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of Scotland`s independence movements and to identify the main challenges in the economic sphere in the aspect of potential separation of Scotland from United Kingdom. As a basis for the research method a study based on the analysis of selected information sources was used. The attempts by Scotland to separation from the Great Britain, taken over the centuries, ended in failure, but have contributed to increase of Scottish autonomy. The results of the referendum on the United Kingdom's continuing membership of the European Union have become the impulse for intensification of Scottish activity towards secession from the Great Britain. Scotland wants to decide independently on its own economic development based mainly on oil and natural gas as well as renewable energy sources. The EU membership would enable Scotland to attain the goals set up by Scottish government. The benefits of being a member of the EU, such as access to the Single European Market, structural funds, ect., Scotland may lose if it stays within the United Kingdom. The government in London is fully committed to maintaining the unity of the United Kingdom and blocks Scottish activities aimed at independence. Further scenario will depend on the results of the future directions, forms and principles for further co-operation between the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Celem artykułu jest analiza przyczyn wzrostu zaangażowania władz Rosji w rozwój Dalekiego Wschodu, identyfikacja kierunków podejmowanych działań na rzecz rozwoju regionu i ich ocena z uwzględnieniem występujących barier. Mimo wielu przyjętych koncepcji, programów i strategii, władze Federacji Rosyjskiej nie potrafiły zdefiniować rzeczywistego, kompleksowego modelu rozwoju regionu i wygenerować skutecznych impulsów rozwojowych w regionie. Uwzględniając realne działania rosyjskich władz, za najbardziej perspektywiczne sektory w regionie należy uznać energetykę i transport. Bezpośrednią konsekwencją przyjętych priorytetów będzie pogłębianie zależności gospodarki rosyjskiej oraz regionalnej od sektora energetycznego. Główne bariery rozwoju rosyjskiego Dalekiego Wschodu są powiązane z problemami systemowymi występującymi w całej Rosji, wiele barier ma charakter specyficznie lokalny. Brak jest przesłanek pozwalających przyjąć, że gospodarka Dalekiego Wschodu mogłaby w perspektywie średnio- i długoterminowej stać się konkurencyjna w stosunku do coraz szybciej rozwijających się Chin. W obecnychuwarunkowaniach, wydaje się, że status zaplecza surowcowego państw azjatyckich to maksimum możliwości rozwojowych rosyjskiego Dalekiego Wschodu.

The article aims to present the main changes of China's foreign investment law with a focus on the Foreign Investment Law and its implementing, effective from January 1, 2020. They are overarching and concerning investors present on the Chinese market and those planning to expand into the market through foreign direct investments. The following research hypothesis was verified: The Chinese Foreign Investment Law and its implementing entail many beneficial changes from the foreign investors' perspective. An in-depth analysis of legal texts is the main research method employed to verify the research hypothesis. Key findings: The FIL, its implementation and the further shortening of the prohibitions and restrictions on foreign investors included in the negative lists are important steps towards liberalisation in foreign investors' access to the Chinese market, offering them opportunities to invest capital. They create a conducive institutional and legal environment for foreign investors compared to the previous legislation. However, further action is needed to address regulatory flaws, increase regulatory transparency, and accelerate the pace of change.