Suchergebnisse

U radu se na osnovu analize popisno-statističkih podataka proučava razvoj, položaj, socioekonomske i etnodemografske karakteristike pripadnika bugarske nacionalne manjine u Srbiji. Prateći i komparirajući rezultate sukcesivnih državnih popisa stanovništva, sagledani su depopulacioni trendovi u demografskom razvitku bugarske nacionalnosti, čiji se broj smanjio za preko tri puta od Drugog svetskog rata do danas, kao rezultat višedecenijskog opadanja stope fertiliteta, starenja stanovništva, migracija, etničke alternacije i drugih faktora. Pored brojnosti i prostornog razmeštaja, u radu se istražuje i starosna, obrazovna i ekonomska struktura stanovništva, kao važnog indikatora položaja i socio-kulturne razvijenosti bugarske nacionalnosti. Od značaja je i analiza popisnih rezultata o maternjem jeziku kao bitnom etnokulturnom obeležju za realizaciju određenih manjinskih prava u različitim sferama društvenog života. Drugi deo rada odnosi se na pravni i politički položaj pripadnika bugarske manjine kroz prizmu srpsko-bugarskih odnosa, imajući u vidu uticaj regulisanja statusa i poštovanja manjinskih prava na regionalnu saradnju i bilateralne dogovore Srbije i Bugarske. Istovremeno, to je i važan uslov za evropske integracije i pristupanje Srbije EU, što implicira da unapređenje položaja nacionalnih manjina i dobri odnosi sa susedima, posebno onima čiji pripadnici kao nacionalne manjine žive u Srbiji, predstavlja prioritet spoljne politike Srbije. Istraživanja sprovedena tokom poslednje decenije ukazuju da su stepen i oblici zagarantovanih ljudskih i manjinskih prava bugarske nacionalne manjine u Srbiji dobro postavljeni, uz moguće dodatno poboljšanje mehanizama za njihovo ostvarivanje.

U radu se analiziraju rezultati empirijskih istraživanja položaja romske populacije u Srbiji, s posebnim osvrtom na prednosti i nedostatke podataka oficijelnih popisa stanovništva nasuprot anketnim ispitivanjima o osobenostima, problemima i položaju pripadnika romske nacionalne manjine. Komparacija popisnih i anketnih rezultata o broju, obrazovnoj i starosnoj strukturi, prostornoj distribuciji, uslovima stanovanja, zdravstvenoj i socijalnoj zaštiti, pokazuje da su razlike u podacima često vrlo velike, što upućuje na neophodnost korišćenja različitih izvora u cilju dobijanja prave slike, kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih informacija o životu, socio-demografskim i kulturnim odlikama Roma. Drugi deo rada analizira rezultate ankete sprovedene krajem 2019. godine u Srbiji na hiljadu ispitanika o tome kako građani Srbije neromske nacionalnosti percepiraju položaj Roma, zatim šta misle o odnosu većinske i romske populacije, o stepenu diskriminacije i etničke distance koja postoji prema Romima, kao i o efikasnosti mera koje država preduzima u cilju poboljšanja uslova u ključnim oblastima života Roma (obrazovanje, zapošljavanje, stanovanje, zdravstvo i socijalna zaštita). Rezultati tog anketnog istraživanja su od velikog značaja jer pokazuju stepen (ne)informisanosti većinske populacije o položaju Roma, prepoznavanja nejednakosti, diskriminacije i marginalizacije te zajednice, što je između ostalog, važna pretpostavka donošenja i implementacije uspešnih državnih mera na planu dugoročnog i održivog poboljšanja uslova života, društvenog statusa i integracije Roma.

Na etničkoj karti Srbije vlaška etnička zajednica zauzima posebno mesto, specifična po mnogim svojim karakteristikama – poreklo, jezik, tradicija, običaji, demografski razvoj i dr.). U radu se proučava etnogeneza Vlaha, kroz prizmu složenih istorijskih, migracionih, etnogenetskih, integracionih i asimilacionih procesa, sagledavanjem različitih teorija, stavova i mišljenja, često dijametralno suprotnih, što implicira na zaključak da ova tema još uvek nije u dovoljnoj meri istražena i da zahteva multidisciplinarni pristup. Analiza populacionog razvitka Vlaha, bazirana na popisnim podacima (19482011), pokazuje velike varijacije u njihovoj brojnosti kao rezultat česte promene nacionalne pripadnosti, dok su kod deklarisanja o maternjem jeziku stabilniji izjašnjavajući se za svoj etnos. Iako je u određenoj meri prisutna alterofonija, vlaški jezik se održao do danas, što je od velike važnosti za očuvanje njihovog nacionalnog i lingvističkog identiteta, dok je ujedno poznavanje zvaničnog jezika neophodno za punu integraciju u društveni, kulturni i politički život Srbije.

U radu se analizira značaj regionalne saradnje i dobrosusedskih odnosa Srbije i Mađarske kroz prizmu položaja i prava nacionalnih manjina, što je i jedan od prioriteta spoljne politike Srbije na putu evrointegracija, ali i pretpostavka stabilnosti i bezbednosti čitavog regiona. U prvom delu rada sagledava se populaciona dinamika, položaj i poštovanje prava mađarske nacionalne manjine u kontekstu multikulturalnosti i integrativne manjinske politike Srbije, koja podrazumeva uključenje pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u sve segmente društva uz očuvanje njihovih etničkih, verskih, jezičkih i kulturnih osobenosti. Istovremeno, proučava se status i prava srpske manjine u Mađarskoj, istorijski i demografski razvitak, socio-kulturne karakteristike, politička participacija, kao i mogućnost očuvanja srpskog nacionalnog identiteta. Drugi deo rada posvećen je analizi bilateralnog sporazuma između Srbije i Mađarske u oblasti manjinskog pitanja koji, iako nema obavezujući karakter, predstavlja važan međunarodno-pravni okvir za ostvarenje i zaštitu prava nacionalnih manjina. Istaknuta je važnost regulisanja položaja i prava manjina u cilju unapređenja interetničkih i međudržavnih odnosa, političke stabilnosti i ekonomskog prosperiteta celog regiona.

In the article is going to presented the ethnic picture of the population of
the Serbia and the ethnodemographic changes in period 1991-2002, caused by
migration, natural movement, changed declaration on national affiliation, as
well as some political and socio-economic factors. Ethnocentric migrations
(voluntary and forced) primarily influenced on the change of ethnic structure
of the Serbia, in the sense of creating nationally more homogeneous region,
having in mind the national structure of refugee- population. On the other
side, the emigration of some other nationalities which migrated to their
mother countries due to political and economic reasons influenced on the
ethnic structure, too. Spatial distribution of population according to
nationality is an important aspect of demographic development conditioned
primarily by ethnically differentiated natural growth and migrations, but
also with the impact of numerous other factors. In Serbia is present an
exceptional concentration and homogenization of population of certain
nationalities. Due to specific territorial distribution and ethnic domination
of relevant national minorities in border parts of the country, the question
of their status and territorial-political organization gives special
severity and significance to the minority question in Serbia. Having in mind
that Serbia is a multiethnic and multiconfessional state, the protection of
minorities rights and good inter-ethnic relations are necessary for peace,
stability and democratic development of the Serbia and the Balkans region.

One of the basic characteristics of Vojvodina is multiculturalism, namely a large number of various ethnic communities mutually settled in the same region. Apart from the majority nation, numerous national minorities live there which are extremely differentiated in view of demographic development, socio-economic, historical and cultural-civilization characteristics, and by national emancipation and political organization. This paper analyzes population dynamics, ethno-demographic changes, as well as geographical distribution of the minorities which is characterized by spatial dispersion or distinct concentration and process of ethnic homogenization conditioned by numerous factors. Good inter-ethnic relations, respect of the rights of minorities, integration and loyalty of the minorities to the state in which they live are necessary for an even demographic and stable economic and political development of this region. .

This article presents the ethnodemographic changes of Roma population and the most important socio-economic structures according to the 2002 census results. The number and the share of the Roma in the total population of Serbia are resulted by the natural increase, the migration and particularly changed declaration on national affiliation. Demographic development of the Roma population is characterized by negative tendencies in natural movement, as well as, in the most important demographic structures (age structure of population, educational and economic structures of population, etc.). Their social, economic, political and cultural position is very difficult, as a result of their marginalization, segregation and discrimination. The basic condition and the way for social promotion and integration of the Roma population in the society are schooling and education of that nationality.

This article presents the ethnic structure of the population of Vojvodina according to the 2002 census results. Also, there are analyzed the ethnodemographic changes in the period 1991-2002, caused by the following relevant factors: natural movement, migration and changed declaration on national affiliation. Ethnocentric migrations (voluntary and forced) primarily influenced the change of ethnic structure of the Vojvodina, in the sense of creating a nationally more homogeneous region, having in mind the national structure of refugee-population. On the other hand, the emigration of some other nationalities which migrated to their mother countries due to political and economic reasons influenced the ethnic structure of the population, too. On the whole, the ethnic picture of Vojvodina is a complex one and undergoing changes continuously. Having in mind that Vojvodina is a multiethnic and multiconfessional region, the question of minorities and interethnic relations is undoubtedly of great significance for the stability and demographic development of this region.

Disintegration of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the creation of new ethno-national states, armed conflicts and "ethnic cleansing", mass ethnocentric migrations of the population, as well as some socio-economic factors led to significant changes in the demographic and ethnic map of Serbia. Migrations of the population, voluntary of forced represent a phenomenon which by its range, intensity and characteristics undoubtedly marked the last decade of the 20th century. Having in mind their number and national structure (mainly Serbs), refugee migrations, as a specific aspect of migration movements, caused by the political and social circumstances, dominantly influenced the change of ethnic picture of Serbia towards homogenization and majorization of the population. In addition to this factor, changes when declaring one's national affiliation, both in the case of ethnic revivalism and ethnic mimicry, significantly determined population dynamics of particular nations, that is their position in the ethnic map of Srbia. Thus the data from the last census in 2002 indicate that - precisely due to the effect of the subjective factor - there appeared the increase in the number and share of some nationalities (the Roma, the Wallachians.), that is the significant decrease in some other (the Yugoslavs, the Montenegrins.) in the total population of Serbia. As a result of the mentioned, but also of many other historical, sociocultural and political factors, Serbia today represents a multiethnic multi-confessional and multicultural state in which - beside the majority nation - there also live numerous national minorities pronouncedly differentiated according to the demographic, socio-economic, religious and cultural characteristics. Therefore, the minority issue is undoubtedly of crucial significance, because good inter-ethnic relations, that is respect of the minority rights on the one hand, but also the loyalty of national minorities to the country in which they live on the other, are necessary for stability, peace and democratic development of every state.

Les flux migratoires engendrés par la guerre civile, les nettoyages ethniques et la création d'Etats indépendants issus de Fex-Yougoslavie ont considérablement aggravé la situation et modifié le statut de certains groupes de populations. La comparaison des données statistiques de ces quinze dernières années montre que les «équilibres ethniques» d'antan sont aujourd'hui profondément bouleversés au point que l'on peut s'interroger quant à l'avenir des relations internationales dans les Balkans.