Suchergebnisse

The paper deals with an issue of integrating the secondary ethnic community into a unified historical memory discourse in the Habsburg empire. Since the Holy Roman Empire suffered from disintegration processes and the Habsburgs shifted their attention towards their Empire in 1804–1815 due to Napoleonic wars, the Habsburg state required a new historical discourse. It was designed to assist the mobilization of citizens against a common enemy, and to enforce the emerging conservative ideology alongside with the Austrian imperial patriotism.
In order to enforce the Habsburg legitimacy in Czech lands, Joseph von Hormayr, the Austrian historian, conservative ideologist and politician included several essays devoted to Czech princes and kings from Premyslid dynasty into «The Austrian Plutarch». These texts have tapped into the identitarian policy of the early Austrian conservatism. In addition to it, they turned out to be one of the Romantic historiography manifestos and demonstrated the role of historical memory in political life of the Habsburg monarchy. The «Austrian Plutarch» also put a deep impact on the Austrian Empire in general, and so on integration of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia into an imperial community. The works by Hormayr faced a growing interest later, when the «national» historical narratives were coined without reference to the Habsburgs and Austria in order to assist the emerging Czech national identity with the following autonomy or sovereignty acquisition.

This paper considers an attempt at forming imperial identity in Austria in the early nineteenth century by means of constructing historical memory. The re-interpretation of the past for the sake of promoting dynastic patriotism can be most clearly seen in Joseph Hormayr's Österreichischer Plutarch, a work which was aimed at creating an "All-Austrian Pantheon" and contributed a lot to mobilising the peoples of the empire to fight against Napoleon. Цsterreichischer Plutarch and its role in forming the historical memory and supranational identity of the Habsburg Empire between 1804 and 1815 have not been studied closely in Russian historiography. The author of the paper attempts to analyse the concept of Austrian history as a multinational state provided in the work. Besides, he assesses the influence of the work on the political discourse of the Habsburg monarchy paying close attention to the formation of identity by means of historical memory, and the methods for multinational state image integration into historical context. The analysis helps establish that Hormayr's narrative became a means of constructing the supranational identity in the Habsburg monarchy, and the basis for the formation of conservatism and romanticism in Austria. Österreichischer Plutarch became a turning point for common historical memory touching upon the identity of all peoples living in the Habsburg monarchy. The concept found its place in conservative propaganda and education in the Empire. The image of Austria as a "family of peoples" found in the work is presented as historically motivated, having its own logic and the purpose to counter external threats. These results retained the same meaning even after Hormayr changed his political views.

The paper deals with higher school transformation in Prussia between 1807 and 1810. Discussion on new university took place before 1806-1807, and had a purpose to design a new model connected with the practical application of the knowledge,
also in public administration. The reforms initiated by Baron vom Stein and Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg offered the national principles to basics of Prussian state. Traditional point of view is that Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt ideas prevailed in the reform, though Theodor Anton Heinrich Schmalz's and Johann Gottfried Hoffmann's offers tapped into Faculty of Law and Political economics programme concepts. As a result, new principles appeared, and the ideal statesman image. The reform had a deep impact on academic positions in Prussia, transfer of knowledge and ideas, and tapped into transformation of Prussia to national state. It is possible to state that new university and the new public servants training models made its commitment to the approach transformation towards the public service and political culture evolution. The new approach towards the Academy of Sciences, its relations with government and society became a catalyst towards political culture transfer to civil and national one. The new university tapped into continuity of social and political
reforms in the kingdom even within the Bourbon Restoration after 1815.

The paper examines the issue of legitimation of Habsburg sovereignty by means of historical myth. The dissolution of the Old Reich and reformist discussion forced Austria to form a new self-representation. It was shaped by the historical knowledge as a political instrument for all ethnic communities of the Habsburg Empire. The challenge of conceptualization of AustrianGerman community and "the Austrian Freedom" was undertaken by a romanticist-historian Joseph von Hormayr. The article analyzes the works by Hormayr, e. g., "The Austrian Plutarch", "Austria and Germany"; "The Army of Inner Austria under archduke Johann's command during the war of 1809 in Italy, Tyrol and Hungary"; "History of Andreas Hofer, the hotel owner in Passayr"; "Small history of the Fatherland"; and "General contemporary history from the death of Frederick the Great to the Second Parisian peace treaty". In these works, Hormayr and his Hungarian co-author Alajos Mednyánszky formulated the concept of "Austrian freedom" c justifying the Habsburg legitimacy and its Empire. It referred to Medievalism, e. g., the roots of Austrian statehood dating to the Babenbergs and "freedom of Austria" in the "Old Reich". Furthermore, Hormayr presented the Austrian Germans as a separate community in "the German world" having rights to its own statehood and empire due to "unity and sovereignty" and the role of Antemurale Christianitatis during the Ottoman era. This concept of the "last stand of Christianity" came back during the Napoleonic warfare, according to Hormayr. In addition, the "Austrian freedom" turned out to be a common value for both Austrian Germans and non-Germanic ethnic communities of Austria, impacted further development of the Empire.