This work examines the debate on transitional justice in Afghanistan. Attempts to open up the discussion has failed many times and any form of accountability for the past crimes, particularly those of former mujahideen, have been severely contested. However, for the country to move forward and for people to reconcile with their past, a transparent mechanism to deal with the past human rights crimes needs to be a top priority for the government of Afghanistan as the country prepares to elect a new leader on April of 2014.
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine why female labor force participation in Iran has been less than 20 percent.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate a structural dynamic matching model of female participation using individual panel data in Iran. The study incorporates many factors such as wage, child cost, education, spouse employment and job market search parameters.FindingsThe study finds that gender discrimination in job finding has the biggest effect in reducing the rate of women's participation. If all market differences disappear, the female participation rate will increase by 12 percentage points to almost 27 percent, which is still much lower than that of developed countries with the average of 60 percent.Originality/valueThis study provides the first structural search model using a developing country's microdata to study female labor participation.
AbstractIran has been experiencing slow growth for the past ten years. Using plant‐level information, we show that on average firm‐specific productivity in manufacturing sectors declined at the rate of 2.6% annually, while large top decile firms experienced a modest growth in productivity between 2005 and 2011. We decompose this trend and find that within‐plant variation is its main driving force while the between firms and industries component is insignificant. We test several alternative explanations that may contribute to these negative trends. We show that the subsidy reform had a negative effect, while privatization seems to have had no effect. Private management not affected productivity growth, while firm size is associated with higher productivity growth. Also, we find that productivity growth decreases with the energy intensity of the firm. We also find that R&D expenditures significantly increase productivity growth, while the R&D sales ratio is about 0.5% in manufacturing sectors, which is about one‐fifth of the world average. A one‐percent point increase in R&D expenditures increases productivity growth by 0.5%.
The principle of supervision is one of the fundamental and indisputable principles in the field of law. It is the right of the authorities to supervise the exercise of the powers of all institutions of governance, including the criminal justice institution, in the interests of guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens and the public interest. Follow-up and criminal investigations in the criminal proceedings require essential judicial measures, such as summoning, prosecuting, arresting and obtaining supplies from the defendant that all of them are the point of intersection of the rights and freedoms of the accused with the public interest of the community and the rights of the perpetrators, and in clear contradictions with the principle of innocence, the rights and freedoms of the accused are limited or denied before the crime is proved. Hence, the supervision of the criminal procedure process has a fair trial of its importance and place.In order to protect the rights of the accused while protecting the rights of the victim and the community, the legislature has taken special measures to control and monitor the implementation of fair trial procedures in the criminal justice process. In this research, it is attempted to study the basics and position of the principle of supervision in Iran's criminal justice system, as well as the work of the supervision principle in the criminal procedure process. ; El principio de supervisión es uno de los principios fundamentales e indiscutibles en el campo del derecho. Es el derecho de las autoridades supervisar el ejercicio de los poderes de todas las instituciones de gobierno, incluida la institución de justicia penal, en aras de garantizar los derechos y las libertades de los ciudadanos y el interés público. El seguimiento y las investigaciones penales en el proceso penal requieren medidas judiciales esenciales, como la citación, el enjuiciamiento, el arresto y la obtención de suministros del acusado, todos ellos son el punto de intersección de los derechos y libertades del acusado con el interés público de la comunidad y los derechos de los perpetradores, y en claras contradicciones con el principio de inocencia, los derechos y libertades del acusado son limitados o negados antes de que se pruebe el crimen. Por lo tanto, la supervisión del proceso procesal penal tiene un juicio justo de su importancia y lugar. Con el fin de proteger los derechos del acusado mientras se protegen los derechos de la víctima y la comunidad, la legislatura ha tomado medidas especiales para controlar y monitorear la implementación de procedimientos de juicios justos en el proceso de justicia penal. En esta investigación, se intenta estudiar los conceptos básicos y la posición del principio de supervisión en el sistema de justicia penal de Irán, así como el trabajo del principio de supervisión en el proceso de procedimiento penal. ; O principio de supervisión es uno de principios fundamentales e indiscutibles en el campo del derecho. O governo das autoridades supervisiona o exercício das funções de todas as instituições de governo, incluindo a instituição de justiça penal, e garante as decisões e as liberdades dos cidadãos e dos interes. O seguimento e as investigações penais no processo penal exigem as decisões judiciais, como a eleição, o processo de eleição, a obtenção e a verificação de todos os direitos processados, todos os direitos do filho de intersecção dos dergos e liberdades do acusado com o público de la communidad y los derechos de los perpetradores, y en claros contradictions con el principio de inocencia, los derechos y libertades del accesored son os negues before that that pruebe the crimen. Por este lado, a supervisão do processo penal processual tem um justo consumo de importância e lugar. A fim de proteger os derechos do direito penal, a protecção da clientela e da comunicação sobre a execução de medidas especiais para o controlo e acompanhamento da implementação de procedimentos de supressão de direitos no processo de justiça penal. En esta investigação, se estudou os conceitos básicos e a posição do governo de supervisão no sistema de justiça penal de Irã, como o trabalho do governo de supervisão no processo de julgamento penal.
The principle of supervision is one of the fundamental and indisputable principles in the field of law. It is the right of the authorities to supervise the exercise of the powers of all institutions of governance, including the criminal justice institution, in the interests of guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens and the public interest. Follow-up and criminal investigations in the criminal proceedings require essential judicial measures, such as summoning, prosecuting, arresting and obtaining supplies from the defendant that all of them are the point of intersection of the rights and freedoms of the accused with the public interest of the community and the rights of the perpetrators, and in clear contradictions with the principle of innocence, the rights and freedoms of the accused are limited or denied before the crime is proved. Hence, the supervision of the criminal procedure process has a fair trial of its importance and place.In order to protect the rights of the accused while protecting the rights of the victim and the community, the legislature has taken special measures to control and monitor the implementation of fair trial procedures in the criminal justice process. In this research, it is attempted to study the basics and position of the principle of supervision in Iran's criminal justice system, as well as the work of the supervision principle in the criminal procedure process.
