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AbstractMigration management has become a complex issue for managers since there are a growing number of people who voluntarily or forcibly leave their places of origin for new places. Maintaining a satisfactory migration policy that could respond to all interests is a real challenge. Just as the Mozambican government is still battling with the management of its own migrants who are daily crossing national and regional borders, there are also a growing number of refugees from the Great Lakes of Africa and a movement of Malawians into the country in search of land and forest resources. This movement of immigrants is a response to the environmental degradation caused by Mozambican refugees from the time of their exile during the civil war. At the same time, there is a trend of emigration as a result of poor economic conditions and the increase of poverty in rural areas. It is also clear that there are direct and indirect gains and losses resulting from migration in and out of Mozambique. To what extent have policymakers dealt with these moving "outs" and "ins"? This paper seeks to analyse migration management and development strategies in Mozambique, as well as the challenges that policymakers have exposed, and also highlights the role of Mozambican refugees on environmental degradation caused in Malawi.