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AbstractFocusing on early twentieth-century Punjab, this article considers how situating the region into historical context circumscribes the literary by tying it to place, thereby creating a seamless economy of exchange. In contrast, noting the refusal of literary and artistic output to be adjudicated into context, this article asks, Is it possible to consider the encounters within the Punjabi literary and artistic scene through a dislocation rather than a circuitous exchange within a singular Punjab? The author ponders this question by considering how analyses centered on exchange are unavoidable when situated within historicity—analyses that emerged in the colonial period as a central way to understand Sikh literary production. Such a grasp on Punjab, the Sikh tradition, and historicity, however, is loosened when we consider the nonhuman. The nonhuman, in other words, challenges the overt focus on history, conquest, and vision that undergirds our understanding of the Punjabi literary scene by functioning as an impediment to mediation, translation, and recognition. The focus on the nonhuman is not to offer a more robust or precise recognition to Punjab but to disarticulate the very contours of recognition through a focus on the eye.

AbstractThis article rethinks how we understand religious reform under colonial rule by examining Maharaja Duleep Singh, the deposed ruler of the Sikh empire, and how the Singh Sabha, a Sikh reform movement, debated, deployed, and organized around him in the late nineteenth century. I demonstrate how religious reform was a site of intense conflict that reveals the processes of argumentation within the contours of a tradition, even as the colonial state sought to continually mediate the terms. Embedded within a frame of inquiry provided by the Sikh tradition, the contestations that constituted reform within the tradition remained intimately tied in with the question of sovereignty. Ranjit Singh's empire in Panjab had only been annexed 30 years earlier in 1849 and remained a central reference point for thinking about the political at the turn of the century. These debates surrounding Duleep Singh, therefore, disclose the contentious engagements within a tradition that cannot be reduced to binary designations such as colonial construct/indigenous inheritance or religious/political.

India had to resolve a number of problems for ensuring its smooth and rapid development Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and glaring socio-economic diversities are the main constraints in its development endeavor and the situation was rather sad in rural areas than the urban ones. Hence, the Government of India adopted various strategies and programmes for rural development and employment generation in the last five decades to meet out these challenges. As poverty is a curse to humanity and the persons suffering from it are not only economically deprived of but are socially dejected one, hence the focus of government policies and plans shifted towards poverty alleviation through area specific and target oriented programmes in 4th plan onward. The Government brought new programmes to cover the failure of earlier ones, but the administrative setup remained almost the same with minor changes. IRDP is the largest one initiated by the Government in 1978-79 in 2300 selected Blocks and was extended to all the remaining blocks w.e.f. 2nd October 1980 and it continued up to March. 1999. It is a target group programme comprising the weaker sections of the rural population including SC/ST. [Abstract shortened by ProQuest]. Adapted from the source document.