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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintalapalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 397 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 134 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 263 ha by forest and 0.40 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 134 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 24 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm) soils and 10 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 30 per cent soil clayey at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 24 per cent is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 3 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 30 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 8 per cent and 25 per cent area of of the microwatershed is deficient (<4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 40 (10) Guava - - Maize - 40 (10) Sapota - - Bajra - 40 (10) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 40 (10) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 100 (58.48 %) men and 71 (41.52 %) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.14, marginal farmers' was 5.09, small farmers' was 5.0, and semi medium farmers' was 5.0.  The data indicated that, 40 (23.39 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (44.44 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (24.56 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.60 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chintalapalli had 49.71 per cent illiterates, 1.75 per cent of them had functional literate, 18.13 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.11 per cent of them had high school education, 5.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.17 per cent did ITI, 2.34 per cent of them had degree education and 4.68 per cent of the population had Others.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households were general labour and 2.86 per cent of the households were private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 43.27 per cent of the household members, 8.19 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.17 per cent were in general labour, 1.17 per cent were private service, 0.58 per cent were trade &Business, 29.82 per cent were students, 11.70 per cent were housewives and 4.09 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 20 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katch house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1937, motor cycle was Rs.42500, Auto was Rs.57500, bicycle was Rs. 2000 and mobile phone was Rs.3214.  About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, and 17.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17500, plough was Rs.1500, and the average value of weeder was Rs.50. 2  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 7.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.48.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chintalapalli micro-watershed possess 16.06 ha (72.83%) of dry land and 5.99 ha (27.17%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.61 ha (85.8%) of dry land and 1.92 ha (14.20 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.45 ha (84.62 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (15.38 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.26ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 771,680.51 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,050,708.99. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 860,927.13 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,976,000.02 of irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 538,909.09 for dry land and the average value of Rs. 741,000.00 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 582,258.07 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.00 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 19.59 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.45 ha, 0.81 ha and 3.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (3.39 ha), green gram (2.96 ha), sorghum (3.61 ha), paddy (3.39 ha), cotton (8.32 ha) and groundnut (1.36 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, greengram, cotton, paddy, groundnut and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton and greeng ram. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chintalapalli micro-watershed was found to be 100.00 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 88033.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84631.00. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -3402.18, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 53570.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49805.00. The net 3 income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -3765.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 27917.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56612.28. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 28695.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.03.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 179323.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 520991.54. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 83547.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 38407.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 139287.42. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 100879.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.63.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 45383.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94761.00. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 49377.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.09.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 69,571.43 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 115,750.00, for small farmers it was Rs. 148,000.00 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 273,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,192.80. For landless households it was Rs. 7,061.22, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,366.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 25,812.50 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 65,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut and 8 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 10 teak tress, 2 Tamarind and 25 neem trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 62.96 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 64.29 per cent, paddy to the extent of 75.61 per cent, red gram to be extent 66.67 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 38.27 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. 4  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood, 14.29 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of them used dung cake.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL and only 3.89 per cent of the sampled households not possessed ration cards.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 28.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were adequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.86%) and inadequate extension services (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 389 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 341 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 25 ha covered by rock outcrops and 23 ha by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 341 ha (88%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 49 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 16 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 6 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 17 per cent soils are shallow (25 - 50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 38 percent soils are loamy and 48 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum area of about 71 percent soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 percent soils are medium (51-100), 12 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 17 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 80 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 8 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (10-20ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5ppm) in an area of about 82 percent and deficient (<4.5ppm) is 6 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 114(29) 147(38) Guava - 50(13) Maize - 251(65) Sapota - 50(13) Bajra - 261(67) Pomegranate - 238(61) Groundnut - 50(13) Musambi 188(48) 50(13) Sunflower 114(29) 124(32) Lime 188(48) 50(13) Redgram - 238(61) Amla - 261(67) Bengal gram 188(48) 23(6) Cashew - - Cotton 114(29) 97(25) Jackfruit - 50(13) Chilli - 261(67) Jamun - 188(48) Tomato - 261(67) Custard apple 188(48) 73(18) Brinjal 16(4) 245(63) Tamarind - 188(48) Onion - 228(59) Mulberry - 50(13) Bhendi 90(23) 171(44) Marigold - 261(67) Drumstick - 238(61) Chrysanthemum - 261(67) Mango - 16(4)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Horanchi-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.76 %) were landless, 13 (38.24 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (32.35 %) were small farmers, 5 (14.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 117 (56.80 %) men and 89 (43.20 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 5.15, small farmers' was 7.27, semi medium farmers' was 7.4 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 55 (26.70 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 103 (50 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (17.48 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (5.83 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Horanchi-2had 45.63 per cent illiterates, 0.49 per cent Functional Literate, 23.30 per cent of them had primary school, 3.88 per cent of them had middle school, 12.62 per cent of them had high school education, 3.40 per cent of them had PUC, 0.49 per cent of them had Diploma and ITI, 2.43 per cent of them had Degree education and 1.94 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.94 cent of the household heads were General labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.83 per cent of the household members, 67.66 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.94 per cent were in general labour, 2.43 per cent were private service, 22.82 per cent were students, 5.83 per cent were housewives and 5.83 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 20.59 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 44.12 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 32.35 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 70.59 per cent of the households possess TV, 50 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, Computer/Laptop and Landline Phone, 47.06 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.88 per cent of the households possess Auto, 2.94 per cent of the households possess Tempo and 94.12 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,625, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,250, Bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 53,312, Landline Phone was Rs. 5,000, Computer/Laptop was Rs. 35,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,360. 2  About 29.41 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 44.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Power Tiller, 5.88 per cent of them possess Tractor, Sprayer, Sprinkler and Thresher, 8.82 per cent of them possess Harvester and 52.94 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 14,200, plough was Rs. 2,153, Power Tiller was Rs. 78,250, Tractor was Rs. 650,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,000, sprinkler was Rs. 5,500, Harvester was Rs. 76, Thresher was Rs. 100 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 202.  The results indicate that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 23.53 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow, 8.82 per cent of the households possess Goat and 5.88 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.73, average own labour (women) available was 1.47, average hired labour (men) available was 9.37 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.63.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.38, average own labour (women) was 1.23, average hired labour (men) was 8.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.69. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.82, average hired labour (men) was 7.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.73. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 14.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.20. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2 and average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.63.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, 3.85 per cent of the households have migrated in the microwatershed.  The results indicate that, the average distance of migrated households was 2800 kms and average duration was for 4 months.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that Job/wage/work was the main purpose of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Horanchi-2 micro-watershed possess 22.94 ha (64.46 %) of dry land, 9.41 ha (26.44 %) of irrigated land and 3.24 ha (9.10 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 7.25 ha (92.94 %) of dry land and 0.55 ha (7.06 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.41 ha (83.22 %) of dry land and 2.50 ha (16.78 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 0.45 ha (6.60 %) of dry land and 6.36 ha (93.40 %) of irrigated land. 3 Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (46.67 %) and 3.24 ha (53.33 %) of Permanent Fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 374,770.64, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 339,956.99 and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 247,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 602,092.13 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 908,088.23 for Irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 306,131.77 for dry land and Rs. 859,130.45 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 445,045.04 for dry land and Rs. 298,726.93 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 352,857.14 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 De-functioning and 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers and Open Well was the irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.88 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 15.65 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.15 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.08 ha, 4.92 ha and 4.25 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (4.19 ha), green gram (5.88 ha), groundnut (2.23 ha), Paddy (4.72 ha), red gram (10.19 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, paddy, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, sorghum, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram, paddy and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown red gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Horanchi-2 micro-watershed was found to be 86.14 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.94 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 229722.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109333.82. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. -120388.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.48.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 39928.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47145.61. The net 4 income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 7217.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.18.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 55704.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 68428.15. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12723.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 34552.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48332.75. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 13780.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.4.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 50898.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8381.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.16.  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.59 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 114,889 for for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 149,763.64, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 119,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 290,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 441,909.32. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,598.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,066.12, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,680 and medium farmers it was Rs. 60,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 64 Neem, 5 Acacia, 16 Banyan and 1 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,647.06 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 705.88 for Irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,323.53 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 617.65 improved livestock management.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 38.24 per cent for land development, 11.76 per cent for irrigation facility, 35.29 per cent for improved crop production and 11.76 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 84.41 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 98.91 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 82.61 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 44.05 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 75 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and Pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 79.41 per cent, Egg were adequate for 8.82 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.94 per cent and Milk and were adequate for 82.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 29.41 per cent of the households, Pulses were inadequate for 20.59 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 91.18 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Wild animal menace on farm field were the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, Lack of marketing facilities in the area and High rate of interest on credit (85.29 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (14.71 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (76.47 %), Inadequate extension services (17.65 %) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.41 %), Less rainfall (2.94 %) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (8.82 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 percent of the soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051'19.293'' to 160 49'49.293'' and East longitude 770 8'1.757'' to 7706'20.417'' covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.5 and semi medium farmers' was 5.1.  Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children.  In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha).  The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45.  Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households.  pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Nala-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 593 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 485 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 102 ha by rock outcrops and 7 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 485 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 24 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm), 7 per cent area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 11 per cent area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 24 per cent area is deep (100-150 cm) and 16 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 42 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 23 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 12 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 67 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope), 8 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 6 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 8 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 67 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 per cent is severely eroded (e3)  An area of about 74 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction and 8 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an area of about 73 per cent and 9 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in an area of 49 per cent and low in an area of 32 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 78 per cent and deficient in an area of 3 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 141 (24) 136 (23) Guava 43 (7) 2 (<1) Maize - 277 (47) Sapota 43 (7) 2 (<1) Bajra 43 (7) 234 (39) Pomegranate 43 (7) 193 (33) Groundnut 43 (7) 2(<1) Musambi 234 (39) 2 (<1) Sunflower 141 (24) 95 (16) Lime 234 (39) 2 (<1) Redgram - 236 (40) Amla 43 (7) 234 (39) Bengal gram 191 (32) 86 (14) Cashew 43 (7) - Cotton 141 (24) 136 (23) Jackfruit 43 (7) 2 (<1) Chilli - 277 (47) Jamun 43 (7) 191 (32) Tomato - 144 (24) Custard apple 236 (40) 41 (7) Brinjal 45 (8) 232 (39) Tamarind 43 (7) 191 (32) Onion 43 (7) 99 (16) Mulberry 43 (7) 2 (<1) Bhendi 95 (16) 182 (31) Marigold - 277 (47) Drumstick 43 (7) 193 (33) Chrysanthemum - 277 (47) Mango 43 (7) 2 (<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114 (57.29%) men and 85 (42.71%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 7.3, semi medium farmers' was 5.6, medium farmers was 7 and large farmers was 4.  The data indicated that, 27 (13.57%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 99 (49.75%) were in 16-35 years of age, 59 (29.65%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.04%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgiri Nala-2 had 47.44 per cent illiterates, 21.79 per cent of them had primary school, 2.56 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 12.82 per cent of them had high school, 1.92 per cent of them had ITI and masters, 5.77 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 cent of the household heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.31 per cent of the household members, 6.03 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.53 per cent were in general labour, 0.5 per cent were household industry, 2.51 per cent were private service, 13.57 per cent student, 8.04 per cent were housewives and 1.51per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched, 55.56 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 38.89 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 25 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.56 per cent of the households posses auto and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,393, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,642, motor cycle was Rs. 56,333, auto was Rs. 160,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,474.  About 8.33 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, plough and harvester, 5.56 per cent each of the households possess tractor, 2.78 per cent of the households possess harvester and thresher, and 88.89 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,500, plough was Rs. 3,666, tractor was Rs.760,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 2,777, harvester Rs. 1,050 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 30,000.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.33 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat, 2.78 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 8.62 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.  The results indicate that, 80.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgiri Nala-2 micro-watershed possess 25.97 ha (63.83%) of dry land, 14.31 ha (35.18%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.99%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 8.11 ha (85.09%) of dry land, 1.02 ha (10.66%) of irrigated land and 0.40 ha (4.25%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 6.50 ha (78.22%) of dry land and 1.81 ha (21.78%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.28 ha (74.84%) of dry land and 2.45 ha (25.16%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.09 ha (55.8%) of dry land and 3.24 ha (44.20%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.8 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 554,191.33, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 516,765.62 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 494,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 826,210.68 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 2,066,533.8 and the average land value was Rs. 494,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 723,302.1 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 828,859.0 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 301,888.8 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 816,528.9 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 195,643.56 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 172,245.4 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 13.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 9.82 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 0.45 ha, 0.89 ha, 1.21 ha, 3.24 ha and 5.81 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.74%), green gram (8.25 ha), groundnut (12.06 ha), red gram (14.25 ha), sorghum (9.51 ha) and tomato (0.49 ha). 3 Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, red gram, sorghum and tomato. Small farmers have grown green gram, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown green gram, groundnut, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and red gram. Large farmers have grown groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgiri Nala-2 microwatershed was found to be 99.96 per cent.  The results indicate that, 58.33 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.78 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 23101.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41501.74. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18400.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 43519.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69871.90. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 26352.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 24912.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65203.22. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 40290.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 23304.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42878.37. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 19574.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 1:2.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72225. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 53724.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.9.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 46592.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 246999.99. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 200407.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.3.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 112,580, for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 162,216.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 151,600, for medium farmers it was Rs. 151,600 and large farmers it was Rs. 89,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 20,669.76. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,969.66, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,011.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500, for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,000 and for large farmers it was Rs.109,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 76 neem, 22 tamarind, 1 pongamia and 2 banyan trees in their field and also 3 neem trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,972.22 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,750 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,972.22 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,805.56 for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 54.05 per cent for land development and 8.11 per cent for irrigation facility, improved crop production and orchard development/ maintenance. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and tomato was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 88.24 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 94.86 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 98.75 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 87.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 72.22 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.78 per cent of the households used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 86.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 72.22 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, milk were adequate for 91.67 per cent, egg were adequate for 16.67 per cent and meat were adequate for 5.56 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 11.11 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 25 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 5 88.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, egg were inadequate for 83.33 per cent and meat were inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (83.33%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (13.89%), high rate of interest on credit (75 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67 %), inadequate extension service (16.67 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (77.78%), less rainfall(5.56 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 643 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 339 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 293 ha by forest and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 53 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 4 per cent loamy soils and 38 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 42 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 44 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 9 per cent has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 17 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 33 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 0.75%).  An area of about 34 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 6 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) and 13 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 31 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent of cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 7 (1) Guava - - Maize - 8 (1) Sapota - - Bajra - 8 (1) Pomegranate - 8 (1) Groundnut - - Musambi 8(1) - Sunflower 1(<1) 7(1) Lime 8(1) - Redgram - 8 (1) Amla - 8(1) Bengal gram 8(1) - Cashew - - Cotton 8(1) - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 1(<1) Jamun - 8(1) Tomato - 1(<1) Custard apple 8(1) - Brinjal - 8(1) Tamarind - 8(1) Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 8(1) Marigold - 8(1) Drumstick - 8 (1) Chrysanthemum - 8(1) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgiri Rf-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 15 (42.86 %) were small farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 86 (50 %) men and 86 (50 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.66, small farmers' was 5.33 and semi medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 18 (10.47 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.67 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (34.88 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.98 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgiri Rf-1 had 58.72 per cent illiterates, 16.28 per cent of them had Primary School, 4.07 per cent of them had Middle School, 5.23 per cent of them had High School, 9.88 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.58 per cent of them had Diploma and ITI and 2.33 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.60 per cent of the household members, 62.79 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.58 per cent were in Household industry, 16.28 per cent were students, 15.08 per cent were housewives and 1.16 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.58 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in NGOs.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 68.57 11.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 31.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 25.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,468, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,018, Motor Cycle was Rs. 51,111, Computer/Laptop was Rs. 25,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,359.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess Sprayer, Harvester and Chaff Cutter and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,571, plough was Rs. 2,250, Sprayer was Rs. 3,000, Harvester was Rs. 200 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 453.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, average own labour (women) available was 1.51, average hired labour (men) available was 7.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.43.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1.42, average hired labour (men) was 5.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.50. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.07, average own labour (women) was 1.87, average hired labour (men) was 9.13 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.93. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men and average own labour (women) was 2.67, average hired labour (men) and average hired labour (women) available was 15.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgiri Rf-1 micro-watershed possess 25.56 ha (75.66 %) of dry land and 8.22 ha (24.34 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.61 ha (73.36 %) of dry land and 4.94 ha (26.64 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.95 ha (47.37 %) of dry land and 3.28 ha (52.63 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 348,052.57 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 534,842.51. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 544,199.65 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 264,485.43 for dry land and Rs. 687,796.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 135,342.46 for dry land and Rs. 304,562.26 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 17.14 per cent of the farmers and Canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.86 meters.  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 3.15 ha and 3.28 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (15.55 ha), groundnut (3.83 ha), Sorghum (7.06 ha), paddy (3.59 ha), Cotton (3.32 ha) and green gram (0.4 ha). 3 Marginal farmers have grown red gram, sorghum, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, Sorghum, groundnut, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgiri Rf-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households have bank account and 82.86 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 3.33 per cent of the households have borrowed from Friends/Relatives and 16.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from Grameena Bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 9,500.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33379.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72595.32. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 39215.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.17.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 24105.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 5534.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 39775.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78894.86. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 39118.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.98. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 50356.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49841.64. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -514.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.99.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 28851.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21024.38. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7826.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.73.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 32775.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39934.16. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 7158.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.22.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 61,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 80,583.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 165,033.33 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 144,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,990.93. For landless households it was Rs. 6,800, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,155.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,676.62 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 30,888.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3 coconut and 13 custard apple, 4 Jack fruit, 2 Sapota and 7 mango tree in their field and also 2 coconut and 1 Mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 48 Teak, 74 neem, 1 Banyan and 5 tamarind trees in their field and also 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 89.58 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 72.97 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 75.90 per cent, and red gram to the extent of 87.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 77.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 5  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.57 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 40 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 85.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 54.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 28.57 per cent, Egg were adequate for 2.86 per cent and Meat were adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals and pulses were inadequate for 17.14 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42.86 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 77.14 per cent of the households, Milk were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 94.29 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 91.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (40 %), High rate of interest on credit (17.14 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (28.57 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area and Inadequate extension services (14.29 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (28.57 %), Less rainfall (37.14 %) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Paspol-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 575 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 26 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 45 per cent area in loamy and 35 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 84 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 19 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent area very low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 94 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 307(51) 89(15) Guava - 73(12) Maize 23(4) 372(62) Sapota - 73(12) Bajra 23(4) 373(62) Pomegranate - 356(59) Groundnut - 112(19) Musambi 271(45) 85(14) Sunflower 271(45) 85(14) Lime 271(45) 85(14) Redgram - 356(59) Amla 108(18) 288(48) Bengal gram 283(47) 112(19) Cashew - 23(4) Cotton 271(45) 124(21) Jackfruit - 73(12) Chilli - 395(66) Jamun - 283(47) Tomato 23(4) 276(46) Custard apple 357(59) 39(6) Brinjal 115(19) 281(47) Tamarind - 283(47) Onion 47(8) 304(51) Mulberry - 73(12) Bhendi 92(15) 304(51) Marigold - 395(66) Drumstick - 356(59) Chrysanthemum - 395(66) Mango - 79(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Paspol-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.76 %) were landless and medium farmers, 14 (41.18 %) were marginal, 4 (11.76 %) were small and 4 (11.76 %) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 105 (61.40 %) men and 66 (38.60 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 5.07, small farmers' was 5.75 and semi medium farmers' was 4.62.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.37 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (43.27 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (30.99 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.36 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Paspol-2 had 54.39 per cent illiterates, 15.79 per cent of them had primary school, 1.75 per cent of them had middle school, 11.70 per cent of them had high school education, 8.19 per cent of them had PUC, 1.17 per cent of them had ITI, 3.51 per cent of them had Degree and 1.17 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 61.76 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 38.24 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 33.92 per cent of the household members, 30.41 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.58 per cent were in Government Service, 7.02 per cent were private service, 2.34 per cent were Children, 14.62 per cent were student and 11.11 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.76 per cent of the households possess thatched, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house and per cent of the households possess 29.41 pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.24 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 26.47 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,071, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,892, motor cycle was Rs. 59,000, landline phone was Rs.4,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,541.  About 23.53 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and weeder, 26.47 per cent of the households possess Plough, 5.88 per cent of the households possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Sprayer and Sprinkler, 55.88 per cent of the households possess weeder and 14.71 per cent of the households possess Thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,875, plough was Rs. 1,666, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 1,750, Sprayer was Rs. 1,500, Sprinkler was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 57and the average value of Thresher was Rs. 180.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullocks and Buffalo, 5.88 per cent of the households possess local cow, Sheep and Goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.61, average own labour (women) available was 1.29, average hired labour (men) available was 9.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.03.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Paspol-2 micro-watershed possess 29.24 ha (82.28 %) of dry land and 6.30 ha (17.72 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.82 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 8.17 ha (85.88 %) of dry land and 1.34 ha (14.12 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.24 ha (71.19 %) of dry land and 4.95 ha (28.81 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 526,477.51 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 603,213.37. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 793,119.27 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 379,059.41 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 892,771.07 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 432,760.33 for dry land and Rs. 524,673.21 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 14.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 15.69 meters.  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.34 ha and 4.96 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (7.7 ha), groundnut (5.72 ha), sorghum (2.54 ha), green gram (4.89 ha), cotton (10.84 ha), Sunflower (0.93 ha) and Maize (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and black gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, sorghum, green gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Paspol-2 micro-watershed was found to be 98.61 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 35817.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 83561.56. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 47744.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.33.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53485.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109061.26. The net income from 3 groundnut cultivation was Rs. 55575.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.04.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 27069.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62972.01. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 35902.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.33.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 28900.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63918.90. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 35018.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 34361.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46709.66. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 12348.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.36.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 21631.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30381. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 8749.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.4.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30706.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 107860.26. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 77154.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.51.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.29 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 66,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 93,362.50 and for small farmers it was Rs. 125,250, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 318,125.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 23,504.24. For landless households it was Rs. 11,437.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,452.90, for small farmers it was Rs. 34,850.45 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,781.25.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3 Coconut and 5 mango tree in their field and also 2 coconut in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 Eucalyptus, 2 Teak, 49 neem, 2 tamarind, 1 Pongamia and 2 Banyan trees in their field and 1 neem in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,058.82 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,058.82 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 147.06 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 23.53 per cent for land development and 20.59 per cent for improved crop 4 production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.65 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for improved crop production an improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, Sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 99.04 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 96.65 per cent, Maize was sold to the extent of 86.0 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 89.72 per cent and Sorghum was sold to the extent of 91.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households have used Head Load and 88.24 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.82 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 17.65 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.94 per cent of the sampled households not possessed.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.18 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.47 per cent, fruits were adequate for 17.65 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent and Meat were adequate for 97.06 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 8.82 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 23.53 per cent and fruits and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.59 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (14.71 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (82.35 %), high rate of interest on credit (32.35 %) and low price for the agricultural commodities (8.82 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintalpalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 408 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 135 ha is covered by forest and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Maximum area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 4 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 20 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 45 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 28 per cent area in loamy and 41 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 62 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 28 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 73 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 32 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 41 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  About 36 per cent area is low (<0.5 ppm) in available boron and 38 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 272(49) Guava - - Maize - 278(50) Sapota - - Bajra - 272(49) Pomegranate - 92(17) Groundnut - 112(20) Musambi - 92(17) Sunflower - 92(17) Lime - 92(17) Redgram - 160(29) Amla - 112(20) Bengal gram - 92(17) Cashew - - Cotton - 105(19) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 204(37) Jamun - - Tomato - 112(20) Custard apple - 204(37) Brinjal - 272(49) Tamarind - - Onion - 112(20) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 204(37) Marigold - 204(37) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 204(37) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chintalpalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 53.641" and 160 47' 1.084" and East longitude 770 20' 41.849" and 770 18' 48.175" covering an area of about 555.11 ha coming under Chinthanapalli and Kandhakura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chintalpalli-1 micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 (40 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (57.71%) men and 72 (41.14 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.71 per cent illiterates, 0.57 percent were functional literates, 42.28 percent pre university education and 5.14 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.7 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture labour was the major occupation for 72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.63, hired labour (men) available was 2.23 and hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  Further, 88.6 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.57 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600 kms for about 10 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.13 per cent (41.87 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 3.87 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1 live bore wells and 1 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 102.11 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 7.14 per cent from co-operative and 35.71 per cent from Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram was Rs.61926.99 , 43853.07, 69563.94, 27777.07 and 53407.49 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.7, 1:1.5, 1:1.9, 1:1.3 and 1:1.2 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 118675.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60948.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 44 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7957.14 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 65.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (60 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (82.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (20%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 531 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 41 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 531 ha (93%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) 33 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 53 per cent soils are shallow and very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 percent soils are medium (51-100), 32 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 53 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 26 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 2 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 74 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 19 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 55 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 46(8) 152(27) Sapota - 126(22) Maize - 144(26) Pomegranate - 172(30) Bajra - 198(35) Musambi 14(2) 158(28) Groundnut - 126(22) Lime 14(2) 158(28) Sunflower 46(8) 126(22) Amla - 198(35) Redgram - 173(30) Cashew - - Bengal gram 46(8) 98(18) Jackfruit - 126(22) Cotton 14(2) 130(23) Jamun - 46(8) Chilli - 199(35) Custard apple 118(21) 80(15) Tomato - 167(29) Tamarind - 46(8) Drumstick - 173(30) Mulberry - 126(22) Mango - 14(2) Marigold - 199(35) Guava - 126(22) Chrysanthemum - 199(35) Brinjal 46(8) 152(27) Bhendi 46(8) 152(27) Onion 36(6) 152(27)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ramapur is located at North latitude 160 53' 16.971" and 160 52' 1.888" and East longitude 770 16' 57.002'' and 770 15' 1.735" covering an area of about 572.03 ha coming unde Gajarakota Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ramapur micro watersheds of Shivapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Ramapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small and 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (55.06%) men and 71 (44.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.3 and semi medium farmers were 4.9.  Majority of the respondents (39.87%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.80 per cent illiterates, 43.67 per cent pre university education and 7.59 per cent attained graduation.  About, 71.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 48.73 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.29 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 40.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 37.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.71 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.61, women available in the micro watershed was 1.39, hired labour (men) available was 8.94 and hired labour (women) available was 8.38.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.28 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green Gram, Bengal gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 74.29 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 51.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green Gram and Bengal gram was Rs.33935.00, 40468.10, 27703.78 and 20555.21 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 0.96, 1: 1.10 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 42.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 159128.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44957.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 95 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 71.43 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (28.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 78 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 432 ha by rock outcrops and 53 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Small area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm) and 7 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) soil.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is loamy soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 7 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha), 7 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (5) 8 (2) Guava - - Maize - 38 (7) Sapota - - Bajra - 38 (7) Pomegranate - 38(7) Groundnut - - Musambi 8 (2) 29(5) Sunflower - 38 (7) Lime 8 (2) 29 (5) Redgram - 38 (7) Amla - 38 (7) Bengal gram 38 (7) - Cashew - - Cotton - 37 (7) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 38 (7) Jamun - 38 (7) Tomato - 8 (2) Custard apple 38 (7) - Brinjal 29 (5) 8 (2) Tamarind - 38 (7) Onion 29 (5) 8 (2) Mulberry - - Bhendi 38 (7) - Marigold - 38 (7) Drumstick - 38 (7) Chrysanthemum - 38 (7) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-3 is located at North latitude 160 49' 45.372" and 160 48' 2.856" and East longitude 770 15' 19.29'' and 770 13' 43.732" covering an area of about 562.73 ha coming under Belagera and Ashinal Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-3 micro watersheds of Bewanahalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 21 (60.00%) were marginal, 7 (20.00%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (55.87%) men and 94 (44.13 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 6.1, small farmers were 5.7 and semi medium farmers were 7.7.  Majority of the respondents (51.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.05 per cent of illiterates, 17.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.45 per cent high school education, 5.63 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.47 per cent of them had Diploma, 8.45 per cent attained graduation and 5.63 them had other education.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 57.28 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.14 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 54.29 per cent possess plough and 40.00 per cent possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Sprinkler, 34.29 per cent possess Sprayer, 45.71 per cent possess Weeder, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess Sprinkler and 0.00 per cent possess drip system.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.71 per cent possess local cow and 14.29 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.30, women available in the micro watershed was 1.82, hired labour (men) available was 1.94 and hired labour (women) available was 9.61. 2  In the study area, about 0.47 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.07 per cent (24.16 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 18.33 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 25.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 68.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.73666.65, 52458.81, 92951.51, 101578.39 and 40439.00 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, and 1:2.50 respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 177206.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57692.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 27 horticulture trees and 24 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5285.71 for land development and Rs. 13000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 105.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (25.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 80.00 per cent of the households and 20.00 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (80.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension services (42.86 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Turk Madhawar-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 748 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 694 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 53 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 28 per cent area are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 16 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 49 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 26 per cent area in loamy and 62 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 88 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 33 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 5 per cent area very low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 149(20) 333(45) Guava - 74(10) Maize 40(5) 485(65) Sapota - 74(10) Bajra 40(5) 442(59) Pomegranate - 310(42) Groundnut - 178(24) Musambi 236(32) 74(10) Sunflower 109(15) 201(27) Lime 236(32) 74(10) Redgram - 310(42) Amla 149(20) 333(45) Bengal gram 236(32) 246(37) Cashew - 40(5) Cotton 127(17) 354(48) Jackfruit - 74(10) Chilli - 464(62) Jamun - 236(32) Tomato 40(5) 315(42) Custard apple 310(42) 172(23) Brinjal 40(5) 443(59) Tamarind - 236(32) Onion - 464(62) Mulberry - 74(10) Bhendi 109(15) 373(50) Marigold - 483(65) Drumstick - 310(42) Chrysanthemum - 483(65) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Turk Madhawar-1 is located at North latitude 160 40' 9.811" and 160 38' 5.741" and East longitude 770 21' 33.973'' and 770 19' 0.731" covering an area of about 747.27 ha coming unde Madhwara and kalebilagunda villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Turk Madhawar-1 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Turk Madhawar-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (41.67%) were marginal, 13 (36.11%) were small, 1 (2.78 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.33 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (62.00%) men and 57 (38.00 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.2, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 4.3.  Majority of the respondents (52.67%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.33 per cent illiterates, 28.67 per cent pre university education and 5.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 66.67 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.22 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 53.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 33.33 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.78 per cent possess TV, 25.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 16.67 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.22 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.78 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.75, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 12.84 and hired labour (women) available was 13.06.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 75.31 per cent (38.21 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.69 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.33 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Sorghum, Paddy and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 83.33 percent possessed bank account and 2.78 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 75.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.57 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Sorghum, Paddy and Cotton was Rs.31506.68, 35080.48, 31325.20, 227383.74 and 30361.71 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.50 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 36.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 45361.10 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 38972.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 72 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1555.56 for land development and Rs. 2222.22 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 66.67 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.89 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 88.89 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 86.11 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 16.67 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 66.67 per cent of the households and 33.33 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 61.11 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 19.44 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.78%), pulses (91.67%) and oilseeds (27.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.44%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (83.33%), high rate of interest on credit (44.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (75.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.56%), inadequate extension services (2.78%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 438 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 157 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 278 ha by forest and 3 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 36 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm), 2 per cent area is deep (100 -150 cm) and 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (>150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 33 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  Very small area of about 0.1 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 15 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire cultivated soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 30 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 27 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 52 (12) 73 (17) Guava - - Maize - 126 (29) Sapota - - Bajra - 126 (29) Pomegranate - 126 (29) Groundnut - - Musambi 81 (18) 45 (10) Sunflower 8 (2) 118 (27) Lime 81 (18) 45 (10) Redgram - 126 (29) Amla - 126 (29) Bengal gram 126 (29) - Cashew - - Cotton 8 (2) 118 (27) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 126 (29) Jamun - 126 (29) Tomato - 81 (18) Custard apple 126 (29) - Brinjal 52 (12) 73 (17) Tamarind - 126 (29) Onion 45 (10) 73 (17) Mulberry - - Bhendi 126 (29) - Marigold - 126 (29) Drumstick - 126 (29) Chrysanthemum - 126 (29) Mango - 8 (2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 89 (53.61%) men and 77 (46.39%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.2, marginal farmers' was 5.27, small farmers' was 5.77, semi medium farmers' was 6.5, semi-medium farmers' was 6.50 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 33 (19.88%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (44.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.90 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.64%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf had 54.82 per cent illiterates, 23.49 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.82 per cent of them had middle school education, 4.22 per cent of them had high school education, 4.82 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.42 per cent of them did degree, and 2.41 per cent did other education.  The results indicate that, 71.88 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, and 25 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 14.46 per cent of the household members, 60.84 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.60 per cent were general labourers, 0.60 per cent were in private service, 18.07 per cent were students, 1.81 per cent were housewives and 3.61 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 9.38 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.88 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 18.75 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 62.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 3.13 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 15.63 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.25 per cent of the households possess bicycle and 59.38 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8900, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.42600, bicycle was Rs. 1000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2477.  About 21.88 per cent of them possess plough, 12.50 per cent of the bullock cart, 6.25 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 3.13 per cent of them power tiller, 21.88 per cent of them sprayer, 3.13 per cent of them sprinkler and 46.88 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.3571, bullock cart was Rs. 20000, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2200, power tiller was Rs. 25000, Sprayer was Rs. 2971, Sprinkler was Rs. 12000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.234.  The results indicate that, 21.88 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.25 per cent of the households possess local cow and 3.13 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 7.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.17.  The results indicate that, 93.75 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf micro-watershed possess 26.56 ha (82.81%) of dry land and 5.52 ha (17.19%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.43 ha (93.69%) of dry land and 0.43 ha (6.31%). Small farmers possess 16.90 ha (93.09%) of dry land and 1.25 ha (6.91%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (71.05%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (28.95 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.51 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 349,954.30 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 507,410.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 622,166.26 for dry land and Rs. 923,364.44 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 289,822.80 for dry land and Rs. 956,129.06. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500.00 for dry land and Rs 454,601.23 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs 239,032.27 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 18.75 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 11.43 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small farmers, semi-medium farmers and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 2.47 ha, 1.36 ha and 2.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (5.52 ha), greengram (2.87 ha), groundnut (1.36 ha), paddy (1.21 ha), red gram (19.79 ha), paddy (1.21 ha) and jowar (0.41 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton greengram, paddy and jowar. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, green gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf micro-watershed was found to be 80.22 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the possession of bank account in Yadgir Rf microwatershed was represented to be 84.38 per cent and bank saving account was 84.38 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that, borrowing status was 84.38 per cent of the households in Yadgir Rf Micro-watershed  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 29861.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46398.39. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 16537.02, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 46247.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 110423.53. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. 64176.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.39.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 39915.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104386.91. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 64471.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35939.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 96214.57. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 60274.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.68.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 59670.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 97702.22. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 38031.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 27738.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49264.05. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 21525.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The results indicate that, 31.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 12.50 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 60,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 153,728.18, for small farmers it was Rs. 142,161.54, for semi-medium farmers it was Rs. 219,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 341,600.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,653.27. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 17,454.46, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,454.28, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 52,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,555.56.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 84 custard apple and 11 mango trees in their field and 2 mango trees in their back yard. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 84 neem trees, 14 tamarind tree, 3 teak tree and 5 acacia in their field and 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have average addition investment capacity was Rs 12062. In Yadgir Rf micro-watershed.  The results indicate that, households of the share of government subsidy were 12.5 per cent and 15.63 per cent of soft loan.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, greengram was sold to the extent of 71.4 per cent, groundnut was 64.3 per cent, jowar was 37.5 per cent, paddy was 53.8 per cent and red gram was sold to be extent of 73.8 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 96.88 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 3.13 per cent sold in agent/traders.  The results indicated that, 96.88 per cent of the households have used tractor and 3.13 per cent of track as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 18.75 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 18.18 per cent of the marginal farmers, and 30.77 per cent of the small farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 81.25 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent small farmers and 100 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of the households used firewood and 6.25 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 50 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 20 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small and 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 96.88 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card and 3.12 per cent of the households not possessed.  The results indicated that, 37.50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 96.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 53.13 per 5 cent, fruits were adequate for 53.13 per cent, milk was adequate for 28.13 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.25 per cent and oil seeds were adequate for 25 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 31.13 per cent, oil seeds were inadequate for 68.75 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 28.13 per cent, milk was inadequate for 31.25 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.75 per cent of the households and vegetables were inadequate for 43.75 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 93.75 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (78.13%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (53.13%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.50%), high rate of interest on credit (15.63%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (6.25%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (40.63 %), Less rainfall (71.88 %) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (6.25 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 632 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 564 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 34 ha (5%) by mining/industrial, 5 ha (1%) by railway and 29 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 7 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 22 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 86 per cent clayey soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 78 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 21 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 52 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0)in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 75 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 564(89) - Guava - - Maize - 542(86) Sapota - - Bajra - 564(89) Pomegranate - 565(89) Groundnut - - Musambi 352(56) 213(33) Sunflower 352(56) 212(33) Lime 352(56) 213(33) Redgram - 564(89) Amla 422(67) 142(22) Bengal gram 564(89) - Cashew - - Cotton 422(67) 142(22) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 564(89) Jamun - 423(67) Tomato - - Custard apple 564(89) - Drumstick - 564(89) Tamarind - 423(67) Brinjal 212(33) 352(56) Mulberry - - Bhendi 212(33) 352(56) Marigold - 564(89) Onion 142(22) 114(18) Chrysanthemum - 564(89) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 9.119" and 160 30' 9.341" and East longitude 770 17' 47.251'' and 770 15' 40.363" covering an area of about 631.73 ha coming under Shettilli, Sangavara and Badiyala Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 5 (14.71%) were marginal, 17(50%) were small and 5 (14.71%) were semi medium and 2 (5.88%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 85 (56.29%) men and 66 (43.71%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (44.37%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 21.85 per cent illiterates, 7.95 per cent attained graduation.  About, 64.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 23.53 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.11 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 76.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.06 per cent possess TV, 64.71 per cent possess mixer grinder and 94.12 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough and only 5.88 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.18 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.24.  Further, 5.88 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (52.23 ha), 100 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.18 per cent bank account and 73.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 55.88 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 12 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 48 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Maize was Rs.25139.34 , 26052.83 and 30901.04 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.60, 1: 2.50, and 1: 1.10, respectively.  Further, 5.88 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 150911.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 91147.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture tree are coconut (16), Mango (1) and lime (2) in the fields and forest species have planted 7 teak trees, 59 neem trees, 6 tamarind trees, 3 acacia trees, 13 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8264.71 for land development, Rs.588.24 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs.294.12 adoption of improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 44.12 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 61.76 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 50 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 11.76 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 38.24 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (100%), pulses (79.41%), oilseeds (55.88%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.12%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (64.71%), high rate of interest on credit (55.88%), low price for the agricultural commodities (58.82%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.65%), inadequate extension services (38.24%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card,  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shivapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 331 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 313 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 18 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 314 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 14 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 69 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 77 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 92 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 3 percent is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 88 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 84(25) Sapota - 42(13) Maize - 84(25) Pomegranate - 42(13) Bajra - 84(25) Musambi - 42(13) Groundnut - 42(13) Lime - 42(13) Sunflower - 42(13) Amla - 84(25) Redgram - 42(13) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 64(19) Jackfruit - 42(13) Cotton - 64(19) Jamun - - Chilli - 84(25) Custard apple 42(13) 42(13) Tomato - 84(25) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 42(13) Mulberry - 42(13) Mango - - Marigold - 84(25) Guava - 42(13) Chrysanthemum - 84(25) Brinjal - 84(25) Bhendi 21(6) 64(19) Onion 21(6) 64(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The land resource inventory of Shivapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 331 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 313 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 18 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 314 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 14 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 69 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 77 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 92 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 3 percent is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 88 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 84(25) Sapota - 42(13) Maize - 84(25) Pomegranate - 42(13) Bajra - 84(25) Musambi - 42(13) Groundnut - 42(13) Lime - 42(13) Sunflower - 42(13) Amla - 84(25) Redgram - 42(13) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 64(19) Jackfruit - 42(13) Cotton - 64(19) Jamun - - Chilli - 84(25) Custard apple 42(13) 42(13) Tomato - 84(25) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 42(13) Mulberry - 42(13) Mango - - Marigold - 84(25) Guava - 42(13) Chrysanthemum - 84(25) Brinjal - 84(25) Bhendi 21(6) 64(19) Onion 21(6) 64(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.The land resource inventory of Shivapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 331 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 313 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 18 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 314 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 14 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 69 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 77 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 92 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 3 percent is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 88 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 84(25) Sapota - 42(13) Maize - 84(25) Pomegranate - 42(13) Bajra - 84(25) Musambi - 42(13) Groundnut - 42(13) Lime - 42(13) Sunflower - 42(13) Amla - 84(25) Redgram - 42(13) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 64(19) Jackfruit - 42(13) Cotton - 64(19) Jamun - - Chilli - 84(25) Custard apple 42(13) 42(13) Tomato - 84(25) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 42(13) Mulberry - 42(13) Mango - - Marigold - 84(25) Guava - 42(13) Chrysanthemum - 84(25) Brinjal - 84(25) Bhendi 21(6) 64(19) Onion 21(6) 64(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.The land resource inventory of Shivapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 331 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 313 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 18 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 314 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 14 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 69 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 77 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 92 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 3 percent is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 88 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 84(25) Sapota - 42(13) Maize - 84(25) Pomegranate - 42(13) Bajra - 84(25) Musambi - 42(13) Groundnut - 42(13) Lime - 42(13) Sunflower - 42(13) Amla - 84(25) Redgram - 42(13) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 64(19) Jackfruit - 42(13) Cotton - 64(19) Jamun - - Chilli - 84(25) Custard apple 42(13) 42(13) Tomato - 84(25) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 42(13) Mulberry - 42(13) Mango - - Marigold - 84(25) Guava - 42(13) Chrysanthemum - 84(25) Brinjal - 84(25) Bhendi 21(6) 64(19) Onion 21(6) 64(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shivapur is located at North latitude 160 52' 42.322" and 160 52' 0.419" and East longitude 770 18' 44.615" and 770 16' 46.186" covering an area of about 331.92 ha coming under Gajarakota, Yadhalapura and KamalanagaraVillages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shivapur micro watersheds of Shivapur sub-watershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (57.14 %) were small 7 (20.00%), 2 (5.71 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (51.76%) men and 96 (48.24 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.28 per cent illiterates, 5.03 percent pre university education and 2.01 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 16.58 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 34.29 per cent possess TV, 2.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 60.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 22.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 40.00 per cent possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.22 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.80.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 70.28 per cent (25.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 29.72 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Groundnut, Paddy, Sorghum and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.85 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 31.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.71 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank and 3.75 per cent have borrowed loan from money lender.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Groundnut, Paddy, Sorghum and Green gram was Rs.42150.68 , 50063.72, 50295.71, 19528.45 and 35647.53 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.1, 1:1.6, 1:1.1, 1:1.6 , and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 105021.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 38542.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 49 horticulture trees and 58 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 15142.86 for land development and Rs. 17571.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds and 11.43 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 17.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 74.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.57 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 74.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (25.71%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (22.86%), Less rainfall (31.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 887 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 817 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by rock outcrops and about 64 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 243(27) 106(12) Guava - 223(25) Maize <1 (<1) 348(39) Sapota - 223(25) Bajra <1 (<1) 674(76) Pomegranate - 465(52) Groundnut - 367(41) Musambi 303(34) 162(18) Sunflower 225(25) 33(4) Lime 303(34) 162(18) Red gram - 407(46) Amla 74(8) 392(44) Bengal gram 243(27) 106(12) Cashew - 15(2) Cotton 219(25) 127(14) Jackfruit - 15(2) Chilli - 556(63) Jamun - 450(51) Tomato <1 (<1) 408(46) Custard apple 192(22) 274(31) Brinjal 217(24) 456(51) Tamarind - 450(51) Onion 89(13) 216(32) Mulberry - 133(15) Bhendi 217(24) 456(51) Marigold - 557(63) Drumstick - 584(66) Chrysanthemum - 557(63) Mango - 160(18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (63.45%) men and 72 (36.55%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.1, medium farmers were 4.3 and large farmers was 3.  The data indicated that, 37 (18.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (38.07%) were in 16-35 years of age, 69 (35.03%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.12%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-1 had 59.90 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent of them functional literate, 15.74 per cent of them had primary school, 3.55 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 11.17 per cent of them had high school and 3.05 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 10 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5 cent of the household heads was housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.88 per cent of the household members, 6.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.52 per cent were private service, 22.34 per cent student, 9.14 per cent were housewives and 2.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 7.5 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.5 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 45 per cent of the households possess TV,2.50 per cent of the households possess radio and landline phone, 7.50 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 20 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,393, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,642, motor cycle was Rs. 56,333, auto was Rs. 160,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,474.  About 10 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 30 per cent each of the households possess plough, 7.50 per cent of the households possess sprayer and sprinkler and 65 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,500, plough was Rs. 1,575, sprayer was Rs. 2,166, sprinkler was Rs.2,333 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 57. 2  The results indicate that, 35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.5 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.5 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 17.5 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 7.50 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.18, average own labour (women) available was 1.45, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.05.  The results indicate that, 95 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-1 micro-watershed possess 23.63 ha (46.73%) of dry land, 25.80 ha (51.03%) of irrigated land and 1.13 ha (2.24%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.4 ha (73.64%) of dry land, 1.7 ha (23.06%) of irrigated land and 0.2 ha (3.29%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 5.16 ha (49.3%) of dry land and 5.29 ha (50.6%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.16 ha (38.1%) of dry land and 9.11 ha (56.3%) of irrigated land and 0.89 ha (5.51 %) of permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 6.88 ha (62.96%) of dry land and 4.05 ha (37.04%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.67 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 340,587.53, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 604,328.73 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 573,392.85. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 690,715.90 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 1,587,857.12 and the average land value was Rs.1,646,666.60. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 407,142.86 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 832,159.27 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 227,051.87 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 636,711.11 for irrigated land and the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 116,235.29 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 469,300 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,142.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 52.96 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.70 ha, 5.29 ha, 9.19 ha, 4.05 ha and 5.67 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (20.11%), green gram (15.35 ha), groundnut (3.62 ha) and red gram (4.20 ha). Marginal farmers have grown 3 cotton, green gram and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 96.78 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 37968.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124061.50. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86092.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 27795.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54874.85. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 27079.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 65271.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 149815.42. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 84543.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 31661.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72163.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 40501.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.28.  The results indicate that, 47.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 124,764.29, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,500, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 192,400, for medium farmers it was Rs. 376,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 636,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 37,494.69. For landless farmers it was Rs. 37,500, marginal farmers it was Rs. 16,490.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,241.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 462,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 31 mango and 1 sapota trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 83 neem, 6 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 200 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.44 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 7.32 per cent for land development. 4  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 99.54 per cent, green gram and red gram was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent and groundnut was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 90 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 7.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 97.5 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the households used fire wood and 10 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 92.5 per cent and 7.50 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.5 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 87.5 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.50 per cent and meat were adequate for 90 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulse were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 95 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 15 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.50 per cent and meat were inadequate for 10 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.5 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (22.5%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.5%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (12.5%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (85%), high rate of interest on credit (27.5%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25%), inadequate extension service (2.5%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (12.5%), less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information (10%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project