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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Narayanpet-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 83 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 87 per cent has non-gravelly lands.  About 75 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 2 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 9 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 10 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 77 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Narayanpet-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 506 (85) Sapota - - Maize - 519 (87) Guava - - Red gram - 490 (82) Pomegranate - 490 (82) Bajra - 504 (84) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 450 (75) Sunflower - 490 (82) Musambi - 490 (82) Cotton - 505 (85) Lime - 490 (82) Bengalgram - 505 (85) Cashew - - Chilli - 503 (84) Custard apple - 505 (85) Tomato - - Amla - 505 (85) Drumstick - 490 (82) Tamarind - 450 (75) Mulberry - - Marigold - 505 (85) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 505 (85) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land.  The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kyatanal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 551 ha in Kyatanal microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by rock outcrops habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 43 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 25 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 29 per cent loamy soils and 7 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 81 per cent has non-gravelly and 11 per cent are gravelly soils.  About 25 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 53 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 12 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 3 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 62 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kyatanal microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 492 (89) Sapota - - Maize - 65 (12) Guava - - Red gram - 253 (46) Pomegranate - 253 (46) Bajra - 492 (89) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - 2 (<1) Jamun - 137 (25) Sunflower - 253 (46) Musambi - 253 (46) Cotton - 492 (89) Lime - 253 (46) Bengalgram - 492 (89) Cashew - - Chilli - 492 (89) Custard apple - 492 (89) Tomato - 65 (12) Amla - 492 (89) Drumstick - 253 (46) Tamarind - 137 (25) Mulberry - - Marigold - 492 (89) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 492 (89) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 494 ha in Kanekal-4 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Small area of less than 1 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm), 24 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 18 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and about 57 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 58 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 39 per cent loamy soils and 2 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 77 per cent has non-gravelly and 22 per cent are gravelly.  About 56 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 16 per cent low (51-100mm/m) and about 20 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 13 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 97 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 15 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-4 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 385 (78) Sapota - 50 (10) Maize - 12 (2) Guava - 50 (10) Red gram - 370 (75) Pomegranate - 370 (75) Bajra - 381 (77) Jackfruit - 47 (9) Ground nut - 62 (12) Jamun - 301(61) Sunflower - 62 (12) Musambi - 370 (75) Cotton 219 (44) 120 (24) Lime - 369 (75) Bengalgram 238 (48) 100 (20) Cashew - - Chilli - 216 (44) Custard apple - 385 (78) Tomato - 62 (12) Amla - 386 (78) Drumstick - 370 (75) Tamarind - 301 (61) Mulberry - 47 (9) Marigold - 389 (79) Mango - 53(11) Chrysanthemum - 389 (79) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanikal-4 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 15' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 494.19 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Rampura, Sydhapura, Neelahalli and Kudlura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-4 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.2 to 38.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 51.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 61.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste / scheduled tribes are around 47.1 per cent  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.2 per cent.  About 29.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 11.8 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94.1 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 31.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 23.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 47.1 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for 80.3 per cent of dry land 2 and 19.7 per cent of irrigated land of total cultivated land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.184954 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.115647 per household, about 28 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.32666 per household; about 64 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1081.2 grams (2483.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 23.5 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37155 per household. About 29.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2816. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 2236.2 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 1093504 per year for the total area of 494.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8645/ ha/year. Per hector food production services is maximum in bajra (Rs. 25693) followed by maize (Rs. 5267), redgram (Rs. 5048), greengram (Rs. 5032), groundnut (Rs. 4863) and cotton (Rs. 3792).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1555/ ha/year. Per hector fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs 2717) followed by paddy (Rs 2083), groundnut (Rs.1049) and maize (Rs 370).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs. 110557) followed by greengram (Rs. 51173), red gram (Rs. 33808), cotton (Rs. 31928), maize (Rs. 20751) and groundnut (Rs.18037). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (47.2 %) followed by cotton (17.6 %), groundnut (16.0 %), greengram (4.8 %), maize (4.8 %), paddy (8.0 %), and bajra (1.6 %) 3  In Kanikal-4 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (56.2 %), maize (25.0 %) paddy (6.2 %), and redgram (12.5 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Nagalapur (NGP) are also having deep soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are paddy (11.1 %), and redgram (88.9 %). Madhwara (MDR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are redgram (100 %). Hosalli (HSL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are paddy (16.7 %) and redgram (83.3 %). Kadechoor (KDH) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (8.3 %), cotton (12.5 %), greengram (16.7 %), groundnut (45.8 %) and redgram (16.7 %). Mylapura (MYP) and Rachanalli (RHN) soil series having very deep and moderately deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, greengram, maize, redgram, groundnut and paddy.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.35018/ha in MYP soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.25702/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 35615/ha in MYP soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.16683/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.48).  In paddy the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 74662/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.51) and Rs. 20967/ha in RHN soil (with BCR of 1.06).  In redgram cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 29997/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.48) and Rs 8160 in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 23485/ha in KDH soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.13831/ha in RHN soil (with BCR of 1.63).  In greengram the cost of cultivation in MYP soil is Rs.33499/ha (with BCR of 1.24).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in KDH soil is Rs.66931/ha (with BCR of 1.43).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (46 to 64.6 %), maize (67.4 % to 72 %), paddy (34% to 78 %), red gram (27.3 % to 86.4 %), groundnut (26.6 % to 30.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kadechoora microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536 ha in Kadechoora microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soils, 29 per cent by water bodies, settlements and mining and industrial areas. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 29 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 3 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), about 59 per cent deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 9 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  About 62 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 8 per cent loamy soils and one per cent sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, less than one per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 12 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 29 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 64 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about one per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 22 per cent.  About 29 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 69 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kadechoora microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 378 (70) Sapota - - Maize - 44 (8) Guava - - Red gram - 333 (62) Pomegranate - 333 (62) Bajra - 377 (70) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - 22 (4) Jamun - 331 (62) Sunflower - 334 (62) Musambi - 333 (62) Cotton - 377 (70) Lime - 333 (62) Bengalgram 16 (3) 362 (67) Cashew - - Chilli - 377 (70) Custard apple - 378 (70) Tomato - 44 (8) Amla - 377 (70) Drumstick - 333 (62) Tamarind - 333 (62) Mulberry - - Marigold - 377 (70) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 377 (70) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the microwatershed FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kadechur is located at North latitude 160 32' 18.441" and 160 31' 7.07" and East longitude 770 20' 40.809'' and 770 18' 25.451" covering an area of about 536.24 ha coming unde Kadechoora and Sowrashtralli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kadechur micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 farmers were sampled in Kadechur micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.95%) were marginal, 20 (51.28%) were small, 4 (10.26 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.13 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 109 (57.07%) men and 82 (42.93 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.5, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 5.4, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 6.5.  Majority of the respondents (47.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 49.74 per cent illiterates, 41.88 per cent pre university education and 6.81 per cent attained graduation.  About, 69.23 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.95 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 45.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 74.36 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.95 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 84.62 per cent possess TV, 15.38 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.38 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.51 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.13 per cent possess tractor, 20.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 7.69 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.13 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 13.03, women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available was 1.80 and hired labour (women) available was 8.80.  Further, 5.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.14 per cent (52.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.86 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 7.69 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 5.13 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 56.41 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.83 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 41.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (86.67%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 75.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.31283.52, 33327.81, 36058.22 and 25644.97 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.42, 1: 3.50, 1: 1.40 and1: 0.56 respectively.  Further, 17.95 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 131225.64 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 88994.87 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 21 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.56 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3482.05 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 38.46 per cent depends on own funds and 5.13 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 35.90 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 38.46 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 66.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (79.49%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.05 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 89.74 per cent of the households and 12.82 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.44 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 38.46 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.44 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (64.10%), pulses (69.23%) and oilseeds (38.46%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.49%) wild animal menace on farm field (79.49%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water (69.23%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.05%), high rate of interest on credit (82.05%), low price for the agricultural commodities (76.92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (53.85%), inadequate extension services (28.21%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.79%) and Less rainfall (5.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanikal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 592 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 30 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 39 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 23 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 32 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 55 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 94 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area of about 95 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 39 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 46 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 10 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 29 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 66 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 72 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 31(5) 290(47) Sapota - 90(15) Maize 31(5) 104(17) Pomegranate - 246(40) Bajra 31(5) 319(51) Musambi - 246(40) Groundnut - 168(27) Lime - 246(40) Sunflower - 217(35) Amla 31(5) 290(47) Redgram - 246(40) Cashew - 31(5) Bengal gram 144(23) 147(24) Jackfruit - 61(10) Cotton 144(23) 148(24) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 284(46) Custard apple 31(5) 290(47) Tomato 31(5) 163(26) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 246(40) Mulberry - 61(10) Mango - 31(5) Marigold - 350(56) Guava - 90(15) Chrysanthemum - 350(56)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal-1 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16035' – 16037' North latitudes and 770 17'– 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 621.91 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Gudalagunta and Neelahalli villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-1 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.5 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 48.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 12.5 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 93.7 per cent.  About 46.88 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (21.8 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 96.8 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 15.6 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 3.0 per cent.  Women participation is decisions making are around 38.7 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The dry land account for 76.3 % and irrigate land is 34.4 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 0.8 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 93.5 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 28593 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.110824 per household, about 74.2 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.18667 per livestock; about 68 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 860 grams (1891.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 9.3 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.41815 per household. About 17.6 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.2272 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1587.7 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 939961 per year for the total area of 621.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around 14124/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.29465), ground nut (Rs.7631), sorghum (Rs.7408), redgram (Rs.7015) wheat (Rs.4678), cotton (Rs.7490) and maize (Rs.2186).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3359/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs.6112) followed by sorghum (Rs.2964), wheat (Rs.2964), paddy (Rs.2669), groundnut (Rs.1743) and redgram (Rs.112).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in wheat (Rs.82646), sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.51478), cotton (rs.47228), groundnut (Rs.32067) and maize (Rs.30686). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (51.9 %) followed by groundnut (11.8 %), cotton (11.5 %), maize (7.24 %), paddy (5.9 %), onion (4.5 %), green gram (2.7 %), sorghum (1.8 %), chillies (0.5 %) and wheat (2.6 %). 3  In kanikal-1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 20.41 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (5.9 %), groundnut (14.7 %), maize (17.6 %) paddy (14.7%) and red gram (47.1 %). Soil of moderately shallow depth of Sambara (SBR) are also having cover around 14.86 % of area, the crops are cotton (22.2 %), red gram (55.6 %), groundnut (11.1%) chillies and wheat was 5.6 % each. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.46 % of areas, crops are red gram (100 %). Nagalapur (NGP) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around (10.7 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Poglapur (PGP) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around (5.04 %) of area, they major crops grown are cotton (42.9%), groundnut (42.9%) and rice (14.3%). Mundargi (MDG) and are soil depth cover around 4.9 % cent of area. Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 4.6 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (10.8%), paddy (18.9%) and red gram (60.2 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) and Jinkera (JNK) soil series having very shallow and moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.5 % and 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, groundnut, maize and red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.54510/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.04).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 63430/ha in MDG soil (with of 1.07) and Rs.25460/ha in BDP soil (With BCR of 1.52).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46555/ha in JNK soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs.20504/ha in BDP and BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In paddy cost of cultivation range between is Rs.88537/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.27) and Rs 37212in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.38).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 46298/ha in BMN soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.17950/ha in MDG soil (with BCR of 1.18).  In wheat the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.54602/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BMN soil is Rs.23158/ha (with BCR of 1.45) and chillies the cost of cultivation in SBR soil is Rs.66865/ha (with BCR of 1.44).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (24.3 to 66.3%), red gram (10.6 to 67.2 %), paddy (0 to 65.8 %), maize (45.7 to 71.0 %), sorghum (0 %), chillies (86.8 %) and groundnut (0 to 7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kilankeri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 428 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 384 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 44 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 24 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 53 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 13 per cent is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 7 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 45 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8-8.4), 22 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 3 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorous.  About 3 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 73 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed has sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kilankeri-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16037' – 16039' North latitudes and 77014' – 77016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 426.72 ha, bounded by Kilanakera village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kilankeri-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 62 to 38 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 59.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 55.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 31.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 22 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 17 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 66.67 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 13.67 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 6.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 44.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 42585 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 88746 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 51786 per household; about 25.71 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 486 grams (2651.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 47 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34983 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2273. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs. 39285/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 59848) followed by greengram (Rs.44806), groundnut (Rs. 39855), red gram (Rs. 33290) and sorghum (Rs. 18627).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 900/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 1482) followed by groundnut (Rs. 1029) and sorghum (Rs.188).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 67432) followed by paddy (Rs. 47522), red gram (Rs. 46334), groundnut (Rs. 30063) and sorghum (Rs. 26469). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (59.1 %) followed by sorghum (14.2 %), groundnut (9.5 %), green gram (4.0 %) and paddy (3.8 %) which was taken during Kharif season and sorghum (4.7 %), redgram (3.3 %) and green gram (1.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area of greengram ranges between Rs. 46973/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs. 42639/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.09). 3  In red gram range between Rs. 40458/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs. 30121/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.32).  In sorghum ranges between Rs. 20399/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 0.98) and Rs.19359/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 0.89).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (19 to 66.3 %), maize (62 %), paddy (54.2 to 56 %), and red gram (27.3 to 47.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kanekal-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 84 per cent has non-gravelly and 15 per cent are gravelly.  About 6 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 21 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 11 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (18) 259 (47) Sapota 35 (6) 185 (34) Maize 97 (18) 228 (42) Guava 35 (6) 185 (34) Red gram - 251(46) Pomegranate 35 (6) 216 (39) Bajra - 251(46) Jackfruit 31 (6) 168 (31) Ground nut 35 (6) 307 (56) Jamun 31 (6) 95 (17) Sunflower - 234 (43) Musambi 35 (6) 216 (39) Cotton 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 35 (6) 216 (39) Bengalgram 31 (6) 325 (59) Cashew 35 (6) 121 (22) Chilli - 373 (68) Custard apple 132 (24) 224 (41) Tomato 97 (18) 245 (45) Amla 132 (24) 224 (41) Drumstick 35 (6) 216 (39) Tamarind 35 (6) 95 (17) Mulberry 35 (6) 168 (31) Marigold - 373 (68) Mango 35 (6) 47 (9) Chrysanthemum - 373 (68) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the seven identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.22 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Samabara, Kanikal and Balacheda villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 39.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 13.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 39.1per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (26.1 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 17.4 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 39.2 per cent of were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 12.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to large farmers. The dry land account for 91.8 % and irrigated land 5.8 % of total cultivated land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 91.3 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.31009 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.72963 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.20721 per livestock; about 77.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 891.9 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.9 per cent of sample farmers are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 40315 per household. About 8.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 2333.9 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1768.9 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.956979 per year for the total area of 547.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around (Rs 9011/ ha/year). Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 8287) followed by sorghum (Rs. 7408), redgram (Rs.6098), cotton (Rs. 5411), maize (Rs. 2465), green gram (Rs. 2258) and groundnut (Rs.1307).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around (Rs 2961/ ha/year). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4482) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2964), groundnut (Rs.2477) and paddy (Rs.1919).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum green gram (Rs.70127) followed by sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.52576), cotton (Rs.42847), maize (Rs.32384) groundnut (Rs.29424), and onion (Rs.10078). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (50.6%) followed by groundnut (15.5 %), cotton (7.9 %), maize (6.5 %), paddy (9.3 %), green gram (4.6 %), onion (1.8 %) and sorghum (3.7%).  In Kanikal 3 micro watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 13.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (15.4%), maize (46.2 %), groundnut (23.1%) and red gram (15.4 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 12.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (40.7 %), cotton (7.4 %), groundnut (29.6 %), paddy (14.8 %) and green gram (7.4 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 0.6 % of area. Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 8.9% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing. Cotton (10.9 %), groundnut (14.5 %), paddy (7.2 %) and red gram (60.2 %), Pogalapur (PGP) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (25.9%) and red gram (22.2 %), groundnut (29.6 %). Yadgir (YDR) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (28.6%) paddy (21.4%) and red gram (50.0 %). Bhimanahalli (BMN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (70.0%) and sorghum (30.0 %) on Belagundi (BGD) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 0.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (42.9), paddy (28.6%) and red gram (28.6%). Balichakra (BCL) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, Bomraldoddi (BMD) series are having Very deep soil deep cover around 6.3 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Gundedagi (GDG) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Vanakanahalli (VNK) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (25.0 %) and redgram (75.0 %). Duppali (DPL) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (4.8%), onion (4.8 %), paddy (4.8%) and red gram (85.7%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.75191/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.25460ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 52541/ha in SBR soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.24517/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.34). 4  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46066/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 22949/ha in GDG and BMD soil (with BCR of 1.0).  In maize cost of cultivation range between is Rs.53030/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.20504 in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In red gram cost of cultivation range between is Rs 52680/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 9514/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.3).  In paddy cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.53387/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and PGP soil in Rs.30141/ha (with BCR of 1.29) and onion cultivation in DPL soil is Rs 62108/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (34.8 to 72.8%), cotton (32.5to 66.3 %), red gram (2.4 to 79.8 %), groundnut (0 to 7.4 %), paddy (12 to 67.8%) and green gram (0 to 6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project