Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soil and 14 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 75 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 6% is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 76 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 4% is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 68 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 21 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 96(19) 165(32) Sapota 15(3) 143(28) Maize 15(3) 246(48) Pomegranate 47(9) 251(49) Bajra 125(24) 247(48) Musambi 96(19) 202(39) Groundnut - 237(46) Lime 96(19) 202(39) Sunflower 96(19) 91(17) Amla 47(9) 371(72) Redgram 15(3) 170(33) Cashew 47(9) 111(22) Bengal gram 81(16) 180(34) Jackfruit 15(3) 143(28) Cotton 81(16) 180(34) Jamun - 218(43) Chilli 15(3) 143(27) Custard apple 128(25) 290(56) Tomato 15(3) 65(12) Tamarind - 208(41) Brinjal 47(9) 227(44) Mulberry 47(9) 174(34) Onion 47(9) 46(9) Marigold 15(3) 246(47) Bhendi 47(9) 227(44) Chrysanthemum 15(3) 246(47) Drumstick 47(9) 186(36) Jasmine 15(3) 106(20) Mango - 59(11) Crossandra 15(3) 67(12) Guava 15(3) 143(28)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that, 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-1 micro watershed among them 8 (22.86%) were marginal farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were small farmers, 7 (20 %) were semi medium farmers, 8 (22.86%) were medium farmers, large farmers 1(2.86%) and 5 (10.20 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 194 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 100 (51.55%) men and 94 (48.45%) were women. The average family size of landless farmers was 4, marginal and medium farmers were 5, small and semi medium farmer was 6 and large farmer was 11. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 49 (25.26%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (39.18 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (27.84 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.73%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Belur-1 had 28.35 per cent illiterates, 30.41 per cent of them had primary school education, 14.43 per cent of them had middle school, 11.86 per cent them had high school education, 5.15 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.03 per cent them had Diploma education, 0.52 had ITI education, 3.61 per cent of them had degree education, 1.03 per cent of them had masters education and 3.61 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 59.79 per cent of the household members, 6.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.52 per cent were general labours, 1.03 percent were in private sector, 24.74 per cent of them were students, 3.61 per cent of them were children and 3.09 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 5 per cent were agriculture, 50 per cent were agriculture labour, 5 per cent were general labour and 15 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 76.74 per cent were agriculturist, 2.33 percent were in private service and 16.28 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 57.14 per cent of them were agriculturist and 40 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 62.12 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 2.33 per cent were in private service, 20.93 per cent of them were students, 4.65 per cent were housewives and 6.98 per cent were children. In case of medium farmers 59.52 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 4.76 per cent were agriculture labour, 2.38 per cent were children and 33.33 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 81.82 per cent were doing agriculture, 9.09 per cent were both agriculture labour and students respectively. 2  The results showed that 0.52 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank and 99.48 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Only small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 57.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 45.71 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. 100 per cent of the land less farmers possess thatched house and 100 per cent of the large farmers possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV and Mixer grinder respectively. 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value television was Rs. 6257, mixer grinder was Rs.1485, bicycle was Rs.3000, motor cycle was Rs.34583 and mobile phone was Rs.1376.  The results indicated that about 20 per cent of the households possess both bullock cart and plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both power tiller and tractor respectively. 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 88.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 2.86 per cent of the households possess thresher.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18000; the average value of plough was Rs. 1500, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 5000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 26 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 20000.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess.  In case of marginal farmers, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock and 25 per cent of the household possess local cow, 12.50 per cent household possess buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of households possess bullock, 66.67 per cent possess local cow and 16.67 per cent of the households possess sheep. In case of semi medium farmers, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock, 28.57 per cent of the household possess local cow and 16.67 per cent of the households possess sheep. In case of medium farmers 12.50 per cent of the household possess bullock and 50 per cent of the household possess local cow. In large farmers 100 per cent of the household possess bullock, local cow and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.84, average hired 3 labour (men) available was 7.30 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.20.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.88, average own labour (women) was also 2.13, average hired labour (men) was 7.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 7. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.17. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.43, average own labour (women) was 1.86, average hired labour (men) was 7.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 7. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.63, average own labour (women) was 1.63, average hired labour (men) was 7.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.50. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 5, average own labour (women) was 4, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Belur-1 micro watershed possess 24.79 ha (42.06 %) of dry land and 34.15 ha (57.94 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.74 ha (62.59 %) of dry land and 1.63ha (37.14%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.05 ha (78.65 %) of dry land and 1.64 ha (21.35 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.38 ha (26.89 %) of dry land and 9.17 ha (73.11%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 12.63 ha (45.34%) of dry land and 15.22 ha (54.66%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 6.48 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 318325.99 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 494643.91. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 949999.98 for dry land and Rs. 2690098.94 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 396256.68 for dry land Rs. 1216748.79 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 294682.25 for dry land and Rs. 610145.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 150416.67 for dry land and Rs. 256060.61 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs.154375 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 15 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 36.66 meters. 4  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.88 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 1.62 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land and large farmers having 3.24 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 22.93 ha irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (4.57 ha), brinjal (0.40 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), cotton (4.13 ha), groundnut (1.38 ha), maize (23.32 ha), onion (1.21 ha) and sugar cane (1.21 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize and onion. Semi medium farmers have grown brinjal, cotton, maize and onion. Medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, maize, onion and sugar cane. Large farmers have grown cotton, maize and onion.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Belur-1 micro watershed was found to be 55.74 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 99.63 per cent, in small farmers it was 99.70, in semi medium farmers it was 62.75, in medium farmers it was 39.99 per cent and in case of large farmers the cropping intensity was 53.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.86 per cent possess savings. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account. 100 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 12.50 per cent of them possess savings. Semi medium, medium and large category of farmers possesses 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the landless, 62.50 per cent of marginal, 66.67 per cent of small, 42.86 per cent of the semi medium and 62.50 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs. 25400, Rs. 42500, Rs. 16666.67 and Rs. 110000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 49833.33.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, higher rate of interest and forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time respectively.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26836.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30613.70. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 3777.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.14. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23553.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35161.80. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 11607.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 19910.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 276640. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 256729.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:13.89.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 104680.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109091.66. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4411.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 54847.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 56302.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.03.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 44525.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104092.86. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 59566.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 48293.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 126793.33. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 78499.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.63.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sugar cane was Rs. 28816.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from sugar cane cultivation was Rs. 69983.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.43.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that, in land less farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.29000. In case of marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.15250, agriculture was Rs.41625, dairy farm was Rs.2250 and goat farming was Rs.3750. In case of small farmers the average income from wage was Rs.20000, agriculture was Rs.47500 and dairy farm was Rs.2833.33. In semi medium farmers the average income from business was Rs.12857.14, wage was Rs.17142.86, agriculture was Rs.113000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In medium farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.17142.86, agriculture was 6 Rs.46000 and dairy farm was Rs.9375. In large farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.35000, agriculture was Rs.170000 and was Rs.8000.  The results indicated that, in marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.14000, Rs.14166.67, Rs.38142.86 and Rs.56000 respectively. In medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was rs.21714.29 and dairy farm was Rs.7000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 21 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 8 teak trees, 60 neem trees and 1 Peeple trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 9371.43 for land development, Rs.2857.14 for irrigation facility, Rs.5514.29 for improved crop production, Rs.457.14 for improved livestock management and Rs.85.71 for orchard development and maintenance. Marginal farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 9500 for land development, Rs.2750 for irrigation facility, Rs. 5625 in improved crop production and Rs.750 for improved live stock management. Small farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.9666.67 for land development, Rs.3333.33 for irrigation facility, Rs.5833.33 for improved crop production, Rs.833.33 for livestock management and Rs.500 for orchard development/maintenance. Semi medium farmers have additional investment capacity of Rs.11571.41 for land development, 3428.57 for irrigation facility and Rs.7285.71 for improved crop production. Medium farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.11250 for land development, Rs.3000 for irrigation facility, Rs.6250 for improved crop production and Rs.625 for improved livestock management. Large farmers have an additional investment capacity of Rs.23000 for land development, Rs.10000 for irrigation facility and Rs.12000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that for 74.29 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank and soft loan for land development respectively. For irrigation facility 28.57 per cent of household were dependent on loan from the bank and 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on soft loan. 62.86 per cent and 14.29 of the household were depending on loan from bank and soft loan for improved crop production respectively. 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for improved livestock management.2.86 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicated that, brinjal, chilly; cotton and onion crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut and maize crops were sold to the extent of 82.50per cent, 96 per cent and 96.92 per cent. 7  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport and 25.71 per cent of the household used truck.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 100 percent of marginal, small, semi medium farmers and large farmers and 87.50 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel and 20 per cent of the household used LPG as source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.43 per cent of the households and 42.86 per cent of the household were using bore well as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium, 8.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal farmers, 16.67 per cent of the small farmers, 12.50 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 percent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the household respectively. Vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent, 80 per cent, 37.14 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, 2.86 per cent, 62.86 per cent, 5.71 per cent, 62.86 per cent and 80 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed and fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (54.29%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.57%), 8 inadequate extension services (48.57 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%) and less rain fall (14.29%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bukanhatti-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 445 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 100 per cent is covered by soil and 150 cm) soils.  About 75 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 25 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 19 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 21 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 79 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 79 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about an area of about 38 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 21 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.30) and 9 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 27 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 88 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 81 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in 79 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 21 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 283(64) Sapota 83(19) 158(35) Maize - 283(64) Pomegranate 83(19) 205(46) Bajra 37(8) 406(92) Musambi 83(19) 205(46) Groundnut 46(10) 323(73) Lime 83(19) 205(46) Sunflower - 283(64) Amla 83(18) 361(82) Redgram - 283(64) Cashew 83(19) 158(35) Bengal gram 47(11) - Jackfruit 83(19) 158(35) Cotton 47(11) 190(43) Jamun 46(10) 157(36) Chilli - 283(64) Custard apple 83(18) 361(82) Tomato - 236(53) Tamarind 46(10) 110(25) Brinjal - 283(64) Mulberry 83(19) 158(35) Onion - 236(53) Marigold - 283(64) Bhendi - 283(64) Chrysanthemum - 283(64) Drumstick 83(19) 205(46) Jasmine - 236(53) Mango 46(10) 110(25) Crossandra - 236(53) Guava 83(19) 158(35)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bukanhatti-1 is located at North latitude 150 37' 30.014" and 150 36' 0.171" and East longitude 760 15' 35.377'' and 760 13' 45.421" covering an area of about 536.67 ha coming under Bukanhatti and Uchalkunti villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bukanhatti-1 micro watersheds of Chik Bamanhal sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Bukanhatti-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (16.67%) were marginal, 10 (27.78%) were small, 13 (36.11 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (58.15%) men and 77 (41.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5, marginal farmers were 5.7, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 5.2 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (44.57%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 44.02 per cent illiterates, 60.86 per cent pre university education and 3.80 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.56 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.33 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.98 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 27.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 38.89 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 52.78 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 30.56 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent possess tractor, 22.22 per cent possess bullock cart and 19.44 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 19.44 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 32.81, women available in the micro watershed was 24.64, hired labour (men) available was 33.92 and hired labour (women) available was 31.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.28 per cent (58.26 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.72 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 13.89 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Red gram, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.01 per cent.  Out of the sample households 83.33 percent possessed bank account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 33.33 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Red gram and Groundnut was Rs.50304.88, 45989.61, 28515.49 and 98936.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.30 and 1: 1.60 respectively.  Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 33.33 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 46944.44 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 40694.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 13 horticulture trees and 34 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 250.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 13.89 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 119.44 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 119.44 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (33.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.67 per cent of the households and 5.56 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 36.11 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (38.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (41.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (83.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.89%), high rate of interest on credit (86.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (86.11%), inadequate extension services (88.89%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (83.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 764 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 571 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha area is covered by railway line, 42 ha area is under rock outcrops, 8 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 139 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 1 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 59 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 25 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 50 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 1 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 28 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 36 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) and 14 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in an area of 24 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in an area of 27 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 34 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 41 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 47 per cent and sufficient in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 571 (75) Guava - 9 (1) Maize 9 (1) 562 (74) Sapota - 9 (1) Bajra 9 (1) 562 (74) Pomegranate - 9 (1) Groundnut 9 (1) - Musambi - 9 (1) Sunflower - 9 (1) Lime - 9 (1) Redgram - 571 (75) Amla 9 (1) - Bengal gram - 372 (49) Cashew 9 (1) - Cotton - - Jackfruit - 9 (1) Chilli 9 (1) - Jamun - - Tomato 9 (1) - Custard apple 9 (1) - Brinjal 9 (1) - Tamarind - - Onion 9 (1) - Mulberry - 9 (1) Bhendi 9 (1) - Marigold 9 (1) - Drumstick - 9 (1) Chrysanthemum 9 (1) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hosahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 45' 9.943" and 160 43' 46.781" and East longitude 770 10' 30.248" and 770 7' 20.483" covering an area of about 763.80 ha coming under Yadhigrir. B and Majara hosalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Hosahalli-1 micro watersheds of Shettigeri subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 31 farmers were sampled in Hosahalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (29.03%) were marginal, 8 (25.81%) were small, 2 (6.45 %) were semi medium, 2 (6.45 %) were medium farmers. 10 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (53.75%) men and 74 (46.25 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (54.37%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.88 per cent illiterates, 1.25 percent were functional literates, 50.01 per cent pre university education and 14.37 per cent attained graduation.  About, 48.39 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 29.03 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.13 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.16 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.81 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 93.55 per cent possess TV, 54.84 per cent possess mixer grinder, 96.77 per cent possess mobile phones and 29.03 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.68 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.23 per cent possess tractor, 6.45 per cent possess bullock cart and 3.23 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.13 per cent possess local cow and 12.90 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, women available in the micro watershed was 2, hired labour (men) available was 6.44 and hired labour (women) available was 6.  Further, 25.81 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 49.50 per cent (32.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.58 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 9.69 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 54.84 percent possessed bank account and 41.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 25.81 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 25.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy and Cotton was Rs. and 81454.07 with benefit cost ratio of 1:5.90 and 1: 1.10 respectively.  Further, 35.48 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 12.90 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 203258.06 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 127935.48 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 38 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3387.10 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 19.35 per cent depends on own funds and 6.45 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 32.26 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 16.13 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 45.16 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (22.58%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 48.39 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 74.19 per cent of the households and 38.71 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 83.87 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 96.77 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 58.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 83.87 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 16.13 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (77.42%), pulses (67.74%) and oilseeds (22.58%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (54.84%) wild animal menace on farm field (41.94%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (32.26%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.81%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.71%), high rate of interest on credit (12.90%), low price for the agricultural commodities (29.03%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (12.90%), inadequate extension services (6.45%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), Less rainfall (25.81%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (22.58%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 550 ha in Gopalagiri Colony-1 microwatershed in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm. Maximum of 254 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 268 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 212 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by waterbodies, settlements, forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 41 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 22 per cent deep to moderately deep (75 - 150 cm), 33 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 65 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 26 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 54 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 34 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 9 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 85 per cent high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 70 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 27 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Gopalagiri Colony-1 Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 246 (1745) 150 (27) Guava 140 (25) 118 (21) Maize 205 (37) 109 (20) Mango 140 (25) 94 (17) Red gram 203(37) 210 (38) Sapota 140 (25) 118 (21) Groundnut 32 (6) 305(51) Jackfruit 140 (25) 94 (17) Sunflower 101 (18) 187 (34) Jamun 140 (25) 176 (32) Cotton 183 (33) 172 (31) Musambi 140 (25) 176 (32) Onion 140 (25) 256 (46) Lime 140 (25) 176 (32) Beans 140 (25) 256 (46) Cashew 140 (25) 118 (21) Potato 140 (25) 174(32) Custard apple 205 (37) 203 (37) Beetroot 140 (25) 174 (32) Amla 203 (37) 257(37) Turmeric 140 (25) 168 (31) Tamarind 140 (25) 176(32) Horse gram 203 (37) 257 (47) Marigold 203 (37) 216(39) Field bean 140 (25) 256 (46) Chrysanthemum 140 (25) 256(46) Banana 140 (25) 176 (32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11043' – 11044' North latitudes and 76035' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 550 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 59.5 to 40.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 78.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.8 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent.  About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 11.1 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities is among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 18.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 66.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.66 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 65.1 % and irrigated land 34.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 90.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non-agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 28.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.8070 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.11850 per household, about 44.4 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.26600 per livestock; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.6 grams (1561 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 45088 per household. Among all farm sample households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1242. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.773 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 402711 per year for the total area of 550.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19780/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 96601), followed by turmeric (Rs. 45085), maize (Rs. 26807), red gram (Rs. 19672), horse gram (Rs. 6623), bajra (Rs. 4432), groundnut (Rs. 2961).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2806/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 5472) followed by ragi (Rs. 3800), sorghum (Rs. 3529), maize (Rs. 2609), groundnut (Rs. 1051) and bajra (Rs. 374).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 185838) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), sorghum (Rs. 53775), bajra (Rs. 52269), red 3 gram (Rs. 51718), sunflower (Rs. 39261), maize (Rs. 37562), groundnut (Rs. 23392), horse gram (Rs. 22578) and ragi (Rs. 15479). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is bajra (29.8 %) followed by horse gram (12.8 %), groundnut (10.9 %), red gram (10.8 %), maize (10.4 %), sunflower (10.4 %), turmeric (6.2 %), banana (5.4%), safflower (2.3 %) and sorghum (0.9 %).  In Gopalgiri colony 1 micro-watershed, major soils are Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 18.25 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (46.8 %), turmeric (26.78 %) and bajra (26.5 %). Bheemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.9 per cent of area; the major crops grown are sunflower (83.3 %) and sorghum (16.7 %), Devarahalli (DRH) having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 10.83 per cent of area and the major crops grown are bajra (39.4 %), red gram (39.4 %) and banana (21.2 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.96 per cent of area. On this soil crops are horse gram and ragi. Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.29 per cent of area in this soil maize (50 %) and sunflower (50 %) are grown. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series having deep soil cover 5.29 per cent of area. In this soil bajra and horse gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area sunflower range between Rs. 57430/ha in BMB soil (with of 0.98) and Rs. 34393/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.26).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation is Rs. 220347/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.2).  In banana the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil Rs. 115113/ha (with BCR of 1.8).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 39081/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.1).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs 42790/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between MDH soil is Rs. 20809/ha (with BCR of 1.74) and Rs 32697/ha in HPR soil (with BCR value of 1.3).  In red gram the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil is Rs 21177/ha (with BCR of 1.9) and ragi cost of cultivation Rs in HPR soil is 54721/ha (with BCR of 1.1).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (11.2 % to 28.8%), banana (39.8%), red gram (22.1 %), horse gram (14.6% to 35.1 %), ragi (55.8 %), maize (63.0 %), sunflower (24.1 % to 32.5 %), ground nut (50.8 %) and sorghum (37.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidganhalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 406 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 98 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 45 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 52 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 23 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 61 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 37 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 24 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 68 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 6 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 88 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 6 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 92 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in 37 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 61 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 28 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 98 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 15 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 31(8) 193(48) Sapota 22(6) 132(32) Maize 22(6) 202(50) Pomegranate 22(6) 186(46) Bajra 48(12) 296(73) Guava 22(6) 132(32) Groundnut 42(10) 231(57) Jackfruit 22(6) 132(32) Sunflower 22(6) 108(27) Jamun 22(6) 183(45) Cotton 9(2) 212(52) Musambi 22(6) 183(45) Red gram 22(6) 93(23) Lime 22(6) 183(45) Bengalgram 43(10) 195(48) Cashew 6(1) 132(32) Chilli 22(6) 148(36) Custard apple 57(14) 338(83) Tomato 22(6) 148(36) Amla 48(12) 347(86) Brinjal 51(13) 166(41) Tamarind - 89(22) Onion 51(13) 144(38) Marigold 22(6) 203(50) Bhendi 51(13) 165(41) Chrysanthemum 22(6) 203(50) Drumstick 22(6) 151(37) Jasmine 22(6) 148(36) Mulberry 31(8) 231(57) Crossandra 22(6) 157(39) Mango - 56(14)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-1 mciro-watershed is located at 15032'36.447'' to 150 31'0.831'' North and 760 15' 6.335'' to 76013'19.854'' covering an area of about 248.49 ha coming under Shidaganahalli, Hiresoolikeri and Chilkamukki villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 6 (17.14%) were landless and semi medium farmers, 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small farmers and 4 (11.43%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.9, semi medium farmers' was 7 and medium farmers were 5.25.  Majority of the respondents 36 (20%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 84 (46.67%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (24.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.89%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 26.67 per cent of them had primary school, 6.67 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 7.22 per cent of them had high school, 0.56 per cent of them had diploma and ITI and 2.78 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.89 per cent of the household members, 47.22 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were household industry, 16.11 per cent student, 0.56 per cent were housewives and 6.67 per cent were children.  The household possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 34.29 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 14.29 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 10.91, average own labour (women) available was 6.71, average hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.71.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 25.67 ha (60.85%) of dry land and 16.529 ha (39.15%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 5.32 ha (91.63%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (8.37%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 10.64 ha (78.91%) of dry land and 2.85 ha (21.09%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 8.72 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (68.49%) of dry land and 4.47 ha (31.51%) of irrigated land.  There were 14 functioning and 9 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (22.57 ha), Bajra (7.56 ha), groundnut (6.76 ha), paddy (5.67 ha), cowpea (0.4 ha), Bangalore brinjal (0.2 ha) and tomato (0.2 ha). The cropping intensity in Sidganhalli-1 Micro-watershed was found to be 91.46 per cent  The sample households possessed 68.57 per cent of the households have bank and savings account.  About 68.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, tomato, Bajra, brinjal and cowpea was Rs. 37869.79, 43435.09, 47480.32, 101924.65, 26809.92, 101924.65 and 41007.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.1, 1:3.14, 1:2.0, 1:0.78, 1:1.19, 1:0.78 and 1:0.48 respectively.  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs Rs. 33,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,675, for small farmers it was Rs. 74,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs.165,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 257,500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs.11,387.66, for landless farmers it was Rs. 2,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,604.17, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,801.65, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 27,222.22 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,312.50. 3  Sampled households have planted 14 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 16 neem and 2 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 617.14 for land development and Rs. 200 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 31.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 68.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used head load, 100 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 65.71 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (65.71%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess 100 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 74.29 per cent and 25.71 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possess BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were adequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 34.29 per cent, egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent and meat were adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, egg were inadequate for 82.86 per cent and meat were inadequate for 68.57 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent 4 of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25.71%), inadequate extension service (2.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (34.29%), less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (40%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Muddaballi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 478 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and an area of about 44 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 45 per cent soils are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) and 47 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 35 per cent area.  An area of about 38 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 2 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) and 89 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 89 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 297(62) Sapota 39(8) 40(9) Maize - 336(70) Pomegranate 39(8) 198(42) Bajra 39(8) 306(64) Guava 39(8) 10(2) Groundnut 39(8) 46(10) Jackfruit 39(8) 9(2) Sunflower 39(8) 191(40) Jamun 39(8) 124(26) Cotton 39(8) 296(62) Musambi 39(8) 199(42) Red gram 39(8) 153(32) Lime 39(8) 199(42) Bengalgram - 336(70) Cashew 39(8) 10(2) Chilli 39(8) 32(7) Custard apple 39(8) 312(65) Tomato 39(8) 63(13) Amla 39(8) 312(65) Brinjal <1(<1) 310(65) Tamarind 39(8) 115(24) Onion <1(<1) 45(9) Marigold 39(8) 297(62) Bhendi <1(<1) 310(65) Chrysanthemum 39(8) 297(62) Drumstick 39(8) 197(41) Jasmine 39(8) 108(23) Mulberry 39(8) 174(36) Crossandra 39(8) 67(14) Mango 39(8) 115(24)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Muddaballi is located at 15018'14.734'' to 150 16'27.864'' North and East longitude 760 9'36.537'' to 7607'32.496'' covering an area of about 478.12 ha coming under Koppal, Muddhaballi and Chukanakal villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 5 (14.29%) were landless, 9 (25.71%) were marginal, small farmers and semi medium farmers and 3 (8.57%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (55.79%) men and 84 (44.21%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 6.1 and medium farmers' was 3.6.  Majority of the respondents 42 (22.11%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (45.79%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (24.21%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.89%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 37.89 per cent illiterates, 1.05 per cent of them had functional literate, 13.16 per cent of them had primary school, 8.95 per cent of them had Middle school education, 18.42 per cent of them had high school, 7.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.05 per cent of them had ITI, 5.26 per cent of them had degree and 0.53 per cent of them had masters education.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 31.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 32.63 per cent of the household members, 29.47 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.53 per cent were general labour, 1.05 per cent were government service and private service, 17.89 per cent were student, 3.16 per cent were housewives and 3.68 per cent were children.  The households possess, 0.53 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in user group and cooperative bank and 98.95 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha, 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 57.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle and computer laptop, 37.14 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 71.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 37.14 per cent each of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, irrigation pump and power tiller, 11.43 per cent of the households possess tractor, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 68.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 20 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep, 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.5, average own labour (women) available was 1.2, average hired labour (men) available was 18.93 and average hired labour (women) available was 17.10.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 30.20 ha (67.09%) of dry land, 13.02 ha (28.91%) of irrigated land and 1.80 ha (4%) of permanent fallow land.  Marginal farmers possess 6.66 ha (100%) of dry land.  Small farmers possess 7.85 ha (76.68%) of dry land and 2.39 ha (23.32%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 13.87 ha (72.21%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (27.79 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 1.83 ha (20.47%) of dry land, 5.29 ha (59.33%) of irrigated land and 1.80 ha (20.20 %) of permanent fallow land.  There were 11 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 31.43 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (20.33 ha), maize (8.99 ha), bajra (5.8 ha), navane and sunflower (2.43 ha), bajra (0.94 ha), tomato (0.77 ha), Bengal gram (0.56 ha) and red gram (0.48 ha).  The cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 98.91 per cent.  The sample households possessed 62.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 48.57 per cent have savings.  About 20 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The sample households have borrowed 57.14 per cent from commercial, 28.57 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 14.29 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends/relatives and 85.71 per cent of the households have borrowed from Grameena bank.  The average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 174,285.71. 3  The households possessed, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possessed, 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from institutional sources.  The households possessed, 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from private sources.  The households possessed, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The households possessed, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from easy accessibility of credit.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Red gram, Bajra, Navane, Tomato and Sunflower was Rs. 30012.34, 28110.16, 63190.47, 48677.29, 35045.11, 26986.12 and 23780.77 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:1.58, 1:1.99, 1:0.54, 1:0.42, 1:4.6 and 1:1.38, respectively.  Further, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 45,022.22 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 80,611.11, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 132,333.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 66,666.67. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,095.87.  For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,479.01, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,612.35, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,837.04 and medium farmers it was Rs. 8,333.33.  Sampled households have planted 14 coconut trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 39 neem, 15 tamarind, 3 acacia and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 2 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,600 for land development and Rs. 2,342.86 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for improved crop.  Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 57.14 per cent for land development and 37.14 per cent for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 77.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 8.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart and truck and 91.43 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 45.71 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems. 4  The household possess, (65.71%) were interested towards soil testing. The households possess, 28.57 per cent have adopted field bunding.  The status of soil and water conservation structure of field bunding was 10 per cent good and severly damaged and remaining 80 per cent of the condition is slightly damaged.  The households have involved, 8.57 per cent of the own and govt agencies are involved in soil conservation structures and 11.43 per cent of farmer organization.  The households posssess, 91.43 per cent of the households used fire wood, 2.86 per cent of the households used kerosene, biogas and LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 80 per cent and 20 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 80 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 68.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 85.71 per cent, egg were adequate for 20 per cent and meat were adequate for 22.86 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 17.14 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 20 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, egg were inadequate for 45.71 per cent and meat were inadequate for 28.57 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), Inadequacy of irrigation water and inadequate extension service (48.57 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (54.29%), less rainfall (20%) and Source of Agritechnology information (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Shirol West-2 Microwatershed, Gadag TalukandDistrict, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Shirunj Microwatershed, Gadag Taluk and District, Karnataka"for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Yelishirur-3 Microwatershed, Gadag Taluk and District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Yelishirur-1 Microwatershed, Gadag TalukandDistrict, Karnataka"for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. It is hoped that this database will be useful to the planners, administrators and developmental agencies working in the area in not only for formulating location specific developmental schemes but also for their effective monitoring at the village/watershed level. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Hosahalli Microwatershed, Chamarajanagara Taluk and District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. It is hoped that this database will be useful to the planners, administrators and developmental agencies working in the area in not only for formulating location specific developmental schemes but also for their effective monitoring at the village/watershed level. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka, (World Bank Funded)

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi-1 Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi West Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi-2 Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; :, Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopanhalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 459 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 446 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 13 ha (3%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 97 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  About 40 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 19 per cent soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 79 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 30 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 21 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 429(93) 16(3) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 445(97) Jamun - 445(97) Sunflower 429(93) 16(3) Musambi 429(93) 16(3) Cotton 429(93) 16(3) Lime 429(93) 16(3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 429(93) 16(3) Custard apple 429(93) 16(3) Bengal gram 429(93) 18(4) Amla 429(93) 16(3) Guava - - Tamarind - 445(97) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopanhalli 1 micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1702' – 1704' North latitudes and 76021' – 76022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 459.40 ha, bounded by Gopanpalli, Bidharcheda, Jilladapalli and Kadacharana villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopanhalli-1 Micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.3 to 44.6 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 55.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 60 percent and general caste around 40 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 10 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.09 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 34.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 59.6 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13487 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 306541 per household; about 60 per cent of sample farmers own plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.27666 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 901 grams (2126 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.94300 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1671 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.688 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.306979 per year for the total area of 459 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 12922/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 20656) followed by cotton (Rs. 17607), bengal gram (Rs. 9971) and sorghum (Rs. 3457).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 937/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs.54585) followed by red gram (Rs.54338), cotton (Rs.51153) and sorghum (Rs.40332). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (56.8 %) followed by bengalgram (18.4 %), cotton (16.4 %) and sorghum (8.2 %).  In Gopanhalli-1micro-watershed, major soil series are Dargah series having very deep soil depth covered around 89.2. % of area. major crops are red gram (59.9 %), sorghum (20.4. %) and cotton (40.1 %), Dhoandothi soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.2 % of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (79.3 %), bengal gram (14.4 %) and cotton (6.1 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.42299/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs. 30406/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.71).  In red gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 25581/ha in DDT soil (with of 2.07) and Rs. 24113/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.16).  In the sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs. 23007/ha (with BCR of 1.19) and bengal gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs.21645/ha (with BCR of 1.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (18.9 to 32.4 %), red gram (5.9 to 18.9 %), sorghum (52.9 %) and bengal gram (46.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project