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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramatirth Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 56 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 33 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 10 per cent are loamy soils and 42 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5% slope) soils.  An area of about 48 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 8 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  An area of 8 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 17 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 31 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soil reaction  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 24 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 32 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 10 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 45 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 41(6) 74(11) Guava - 45(6) Maize 41(6) 74(11) Sapota - 45(6) Bajra 45(6) 70(11) Pomegranate - 63(9) Groundnut 4(1) 87(12) Musambi - 63(9) Sunflower - 63(9) Lime - 63(9) Redgram - 69(10) Amla 45(6) 59(9) Bengal gram 13(2) 5(1) Cashew - 4(1) Cotton - 59(9) Jackfruit - 45(6) Chilli 41(6) 68(10) Jamun - - Tomato 41(6) 50(7) Custard apple 4(1) 104(15) Brinjal 41(6) 50(7) Tamarind - - Onion 41(6) 50(7) Mulberry - 45(6) Bhendi 41(6) 68(10) Marigold 41(6) 68(10) Drumstick - 58(8) Chrysanthemum 41(6) 68(10) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ramatirth is located at North latitude 160 59' 26.672" and 160 57' 19.615" and East longitude 770 11' 39.441'' and 770 8' 32.977" covering an area of about 685.96 ha coming under Ramathirtha and Allura .B villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ramatirth micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 33 farmers were sampled in Ramatirth micro-watershed among households surveyed 13 (39.39%) were marginal, 11 (33.33%) were small and 4 (12.12 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (53.02%) men and 70 (46.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.4, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (42.95%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 44.97 per cent pre university education and 7.38 per cent attained graduation.  About, 30.30 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.42 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 20.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 93.94 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.09 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 93.94 per cent possess TV, 30.30 per cent possess mixer grinder, 109.09 per cent possess mobile phones and 12.12 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 21.21 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 33.33 per cent possess plough, 36.36 per cent possess Weeder and 12.12 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 6.06 per cent possess local cow and 3.03 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 8.89 and hired labour (women) available was 14.56.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.06 per cent (31.73 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.56 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 3.03 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 90.91 percent possessed bank account and 42.42 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 27.27 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.30724.65 , 41187.76 and 58993.49, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 0.80 and 1: 1.30 respectively.  Further, 27.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 69121.21 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 34575.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 79 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.06 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2242.42 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 39.39 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 36.36 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.48 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 81.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (81.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.85 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 84.85 per cent of the households and 30.30 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.58 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (69.70%), pulses (63.64%) and oilseeds (36.36%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (81.82 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.82%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60.61%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.82%), high rate of interest on credit (81.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (75.76 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.58%), inadequate extension services (60.61 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 858 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 555 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 298 ha (6%) area is covered by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 555 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 20 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 26 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire cultivated area is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 22 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 26 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 21 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 6 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (3) 522 (61) Guava 12 (1) 29 (3) Maize 41 (5) 510 (60) Sapota 12 (1) 29 (3) Bajra 41 (5) 510 (60) Pomegranate 12 (1) 167 (20) Groundnut 12 (1) 116 (14) Musambi 12 (1) 167 (20) Sunflower - 179 (21) Lime 12 (1) 167 (20) Redgram - 463 (55) Amla 41 (5) 226 (26) Bengal gram 138 (16) 130 (15) Cashew - 41 (5) Cotton - 254 (30) Jackfruit 12 (1) 29 (3) Chilli 41 (5) 226 (26) Jamun - 12 (1) Tomato 41 (5) 88 (10) Custard apple 41 (5) 226 (26) Brinjal 41 (5) 88 (10) Tamarind - 12 (1) Onion 41 (5) 88 (10) Mulberry 12 (1) 29 (3) Bhendi 41 (5) 226 (26) Marigold 41 (5) 226 (26) Drumstick 12 (1) 167 (20) Chrysanthemum 41 (5) 226 (26) Mango - 12 (1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-2 is located at North latitude 160 59' 57.118" and 160 57' 36.993" and East longitude 770 9' 8.415'' and 770 7' 13.762" covering an area of about 840.96 ha coming under Allura.K and Allura .B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 6 (17.14%) were semi medium and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (56.33%) men and 67 (42.41%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 44.30 per cent illiterates and only 6.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.40, hired labour (men) available was 7.34 and hired labour (women) available was 6.34.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (42.09 ha), 100.00 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.57 per cent bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.30642.84 and 24912.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90 and 1: 0.70, respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 33457.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 26657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have planted 26 neem trees, 11 acacia trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2542.86 for land development, Rs.4257.14 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.400.00 adoption of improved livestock breeds activities.  Source of funds raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development and improved crop production was 11.43 and for improved livestock adoption was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (54.29%), pulses (51.43%), oilseeds (42.86%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (28.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 776 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 727 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 48 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 727 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 16 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 4 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 11 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 39 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m), 4 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 76 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 18 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 81 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 58 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 502 (65) Guava - 2 (<1) Maize - 502 (65) Sapota - 2 (<1) Bajra - 502 (65) Pomegranate - 227 (29) Groundnut - 30 (4) Musambi - 226 (29) Sunflower - 226 (29) Lime - 226 (29) Redgram - 475 (55) Amla - 210 (27) Bengal gram 180 (23) 175 (23) Cashew - - Cotton - 226 (29) Jackfruit - 2 (<1) Chilli - 255 (33) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (4) Custard apple - 254 (33) Brinjal - 30 (4) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (4) Mulberry - 2 (<1) Bhendi - 255 (33) Marigold - 254 (33) Drumstick - 182 (23) Chrysanthemum - 254 (33) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-2 is located at North latitude 160 30' 5.473" and 160 28' 30.247" and East longitude 770 17' 44.111'' and 770 15' 5.067" covering an area of about 768.67 ha coming under Badiyala ªÀillage of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-2 micro watersheds of Kodlur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 13 (37.14 %) were Semi medium and 8 (22.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (51.76%) men and 96 (48.24 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.62 per cent illiterates, 78.39 per cent pre university education and 5.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 5.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 94.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor and 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, women available in the micro watershed was 1.46, hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and hired labour (women) available was 15.29.  In the study area, about 1.01 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1600.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (95.11 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Cotton, and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account. 2  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 88.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Cotton was Rs.30866.96, 22324.79 and 25004.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 0.90 and 1: 1.20 respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87165.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10457.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 60.00 per cent depends on own funds and 40.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 42.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (105.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (117.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (40.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (20.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kesapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 76 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 per cent by rock outcrops and 12 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 50 per cent are loamy soils and 16 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 20 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of 30 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 46 per cent of the soils are gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 12 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 63 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 19 per cent is moderately acid (pH5.5-6.0), 9 per cent is slightly acid(pH 6.0-6.5), 22 per cent is neutral (pH6.5-7.5), 11 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 20 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 24 (4) Guava - 71 (12) Maize - 24 (4) Sapota - 71(12) Bajra 71 (12) 24 (4) Pomegranate - 71 (12) Groundnut - 71 (12) Musambi - 71 (12) Sunflower - - Lime - 71 (12) Redgram - 95(16) Amla - - Bengal gram - 24 (4) Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 71(12) Jamun - 71(12) Tomato 71 (12) - Custard apple - - Brinjal 71(12) - Tamarind - 71(12) Onion 71 (12) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 71 (12) - Marigold 71 (12) - Drumstick - 71 (12) Chrysanthemum 71 (12) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 6 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kesapur is located at North latitude 160 49' 56.172" and 160 47' 53.467" and East longitude 770 26' 2.181'' and 770 23' 52.783" covering an area of about 602.17 ha coming under Keshawara, Najarapura and Javaharnagara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kesapur micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Kesapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (57.59%) men and 67 (42.41 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 4.5 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.47%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 60.77 per cent pre university education and 1.90 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 46.20 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available was 4.49 and hired labour (women) available was 4.49.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (31.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.46 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 62.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 68.75 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 31.25 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.39301.40, 34039.15 and 21704.88, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.70, respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 37214.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 29500.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1400.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 37.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 80.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 54.29 per cent of the households and 65.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 77.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 20.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (71.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chandaraki-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 608 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 505 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 101 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 505 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m), 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 35 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 45 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in an area of 18 per cent and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in an area of 65 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 61 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 135 (22) 94 (15) Guava - 77 (13) Maize 77 (13) 151 (25) Sapota - 77 (13) Bajra 77 (13) 151 (25) Pomegranate - 221 (36) Groundnut 74 (12) 10 (2) Musambi 131 (22) 90 (15) Sunflower 131 (22) 90 (15) Lime 131 (22) 90 (15) Redgram - 221 (36) Amla 77 (13) 138 (23) Bengal gram 131 (22) 13 (2) Cashew - - Cotton 131 (22) 16 (3) Jackfruit - 77 (13) Chilli 77 (13) 151 (25) Jamun - 131 (22) Tomato 77 (13) 7 (1) Custard apple 205 (34) 23 (4) Brinjal 77 (13) 7 (1) Tamarind - 131 (22) Onion 77 (13) 7 (1) Mulberry - 77 (13) Bhendi 77 (13) 151 (25) Marigold 77 (13) 151 (25) Drumstick - 208 (34) Chrysanthemum 77 (13) 151 (25) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chandaraki-1 is located at North latitude 160 52' 29.368" and 160 50' 46.558" and East longitude 770 27' 47.027'' and 770 26' 17.986" covering an area of about 603.07 ha coming under Chandraki and Madhepalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chandaraki-1 micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Chandaraki-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (38.89%) were marginal, 7 (19.44%) were small, 10 (27.78 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.33 %) were medium large farmers. 2 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (55.97%) men and 70 (44.03 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.5, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.3, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (38.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 44.65 per cent of illiterates, 17.61 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.84 per cent high school education, 8.18 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.63 per cent of them had Diploma, 9.43 per cent attained graduation and 3.14 them had other education.  About, 80.56 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 80.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 72.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.33 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent possess TV, 80.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 30.56 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 36.11 per cent possess plough and 77.78 per cent possess Weeder, 8.33 per cent possess tractor, 5.56 per cent possess Harvester and 36.11 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.78 per cent possess local cow and 5.56 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 14.06 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.22. 2  Further, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.63 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 850.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.31 per cent (59.84 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.24 per cent area is irrigated land.  Open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.44 percent possessed bank account.  About 94.44 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 13.64 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 86.36 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (95.45%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.48868.88, 44389.25, 18089.82, 26988.16 and 23946.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.00, 1: 3.80, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.70 respectively.  Further, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 76055.56 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 41027.78 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 100 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12361.11 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 88.89 per cent depends on own funds and 2.78 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 116.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 116.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.44 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.89 per cent of the households and 11.11 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 30.56 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (86.11%), pulses (83.33%) and oilseeds (5.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.67%) wild animal menace on farm field (55.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (72.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.89%), high rate of interest on credit (66.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (69.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.78%), inadequate extension services (41.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.11%), Less rainfall (2.78%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf4Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 506 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 168 ha area is covered by rock outcrops and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 506 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 35 per cent loamy soils and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 27 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 8 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 26 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 72 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 1 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in 48 per cent area and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 10 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34 (5) 67 (10) Guava - 34 (5) Maize 34 (5) 67 (10) Sapota - 34 (5) Bajra 34 (5) 67 (10) Pomegranate - 93 (13) Groundnut - 34 (5) Musambi - 93 (13) Sunflower - 93 (13) Lime - 93 (13) Redgram - 101 (15) Amla 34 (5) - Bengal gram - 59 (9) Cashew - - Cotton - 93 (13) Jackfruit - 34 (5) Chilli 34 (5) 59 (9) Jamun - - Tomato 34 (5) - Custard apple - 93 (13) Brinjal 34 (5) - Tamarind - - Onion 34 (5) - Mulberry - 34 (5) Bhendi 34 (5) 59 (9) Marigold 34 (5) 59 (9) Drumstick 34 (5) - Chrysanthemum 34 (5) 59 (9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (55.62%) men and 75 (44.38%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers were 7.  The data indicated that, 29 (17.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (49.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-4 had 56.83 per cent illiterates, 14.79 per cent of them had primary school, 11.83 per cent of them had Middle school education, 11.83 per cent of them had high school, 4.73 per cent of them had PUC, 4.14 per cent of them had diploma, 1.18 per cent of them had ITI and 0.59 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.97 per cent of the household members, 24.85 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.59 per cent were government and private service, 18.34 per cent student, 4.73per cent were housewives and 5.92 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,812, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,240, motor cycle was Rs. 47,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,682.  About 37.14 per cent each of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent each of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and sprayer, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2,750, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,500, sprayer was Rs. 2,866, sprinkler was Rs. 5,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 89.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep, 11.43 per cent of the households possess goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available was 9.1 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.67.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 2.96 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 1950 kms and average duration of migration was 12 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed possess 34.42 ha (81.17%) of dry land and 7.98 ha (18.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.43 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 21.08 ha (96.3%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.7%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.91 ha (60.55%) of dry land and 5.15 ha (39.45%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 364,516.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 400,608.21.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent and open well was the source in the micro watershed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.80 meters and depth of open well was found to be 2.35 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.38 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.27%), green gram (0.81 ha), groundnut (5.96 ha) and red gram (21.08 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed was found to be 95.76 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have bank account and 17.14 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 30741.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49327.74. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18586.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 21020.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20254. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -766.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 45728.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35678.40. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. - 10050.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 47989.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104205.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 56215.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 153,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 69,662.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,186.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 201,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 332,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,292.50. For landless farmers it was Rs. 31,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,678.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,998.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,138.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 153,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 coconut and 3 lemon trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak and 49 neem trees in their field and also 6 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13,314.29 for land development, Rs.285.71 for irrigation facility, Rs.1,914.29 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 45.71 per cent for land development, 37.14 per cent for improved crop production and 8.57 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut and maize was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, paddy was sold to extent of 61.4 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 91.29 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households used fire wood, 2.86 per cent of the households used kerosene and 48.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 71.43 per cent, 22.86 per cent of the households used bore well, 5.71 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households does not possessed PDS cards.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA Programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 48.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 34.29 per cent, fruits and milk were adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 14.29 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and egg were inadequate for 65.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (51.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40%), inadequate extension service (31.43%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 223 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 195 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 28 ha (13%) by Rock outcrops (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and one land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  An area of about 87 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (0.75%), about 29 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 18 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 66 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and found that there are no highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are available. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various uses but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kotageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 16.355" and 160 52' 9.747" and East longitude 770 15' 16.915'' and 770 13' 59.517" covering an area of about 222.80 ha coming unde Kootagera, Gajarakota and Fatthepura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kotageri-1 micro watersheds of Shivapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Kotageri-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 3 (8.82%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 15 (44.12 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (69.86%) men and 44 (30.14 %) were women. The average population of landless was 1,0, marginal farmers were 3.7, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.01 per cent illiterates, 38.35 per cent pre university education and 0.68 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 68.49 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.94 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.12 per cent possess TV, 8.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 73.53 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.82 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 26.47 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 17.34 and hired labour (women) available was 18.13.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.45 per cent (62.70 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.94 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 18.18 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.65 per cent.  Out of the sample households 14.71 percent possessed bank account and 5.88 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 17.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.21481.17, 42411.22, 111937.68, 119969.37 and 30735.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.20, 1: 0.80 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 58.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 134073.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 88588.24 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 114 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 741.18 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 79.41 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (100.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 79.41 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 2.94 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.24%), pulses (76.47%) and oilseeds (14.71%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.24 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (64.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (50.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (2.94 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%), less rainfall (2.94%), source of agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf6 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 535 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is under rock outcrops and 8 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 535 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 90 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 63 per cent area is medium (0.5- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 41 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content in the microwatershed.  An area of about 66 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 31 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in an area of 4.5 ppm) in an area of 58 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 39 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 70 per cent and sufficient in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgiri Rf-6 is located at North latitude 160 55' 30.912" and 160 53' 56.834'' and East longitude 770 12' 14.293'' and 770 10' 18.069" covering an area of about 547.21 ha coming under Motahalli and Baggalamadu Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgiri Rf-6 micro watersheds of Yadgiri Rf subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 12 (35.29 %) were marginal, 16 (47.06%) were small, 1 (2.94 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (55.06%) men and 71 (44.94 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (46.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 70.89 per cent illiterates, 5.70 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.16 per cent middle school education, and 10.76 per cent high school education, 4.43 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.12 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.76 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.62 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 67.65 per cent possess TV, 14.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.65 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.65 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.39 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was1.47.  Further, 94.1 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 82.22 per cent (30.24 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 17.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 14.70 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 96.80 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 17.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 76.47 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 20.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram and Cotton as Rs.71067.10, 93085.66, 31222.76 and 31443.11with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.00, 1: 2.10 and 1: 1.50 respectively.  Further, 55.88 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 106000.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47558.82 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 horticulture trees and 52 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4091.18 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.18 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 61.76 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (38.24%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 8.82 per cent of farmers practicing Loose Border Checks as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 82.35 per cent of the households and 35.29 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (70.59%) and oilseeds (41.18%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.24%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.24%), inadequate extension services (61.76%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nandepalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 666 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 2 per cent others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 655 ha (98%) are suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 23 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 23 per cent area is severely eroded (e3 class), 48 per cent area is moderately (e2 class) and 27 per cent is slightly eroded (e1 class) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 86 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 7 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 36 per cent is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur content of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 89 per cent and 10 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(76) Sapota - - Maize - - Pomegranate - 500(75) Bajra - 504(76) Musambi - 500(75) Groundnut - - Lime - 500(75) Sunflower - 500(75) Amla - 504(76) Redgram - 500(75) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 504(76) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 504(76) Jamun - 452(68) Chilli - 504(76) Custard apple - 504(76) Tomato - - Tamarind - 452(68) Drumstick - 500(75) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 504(76) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 504(76)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 3 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (57.25%) men and 59 (42.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.3, marginal farmers' was 3.5, small farmers' was 34, semi medium farmers' was 3, medium and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 16 (11.59 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 56 (40.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (39.86%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.97%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nandepalli-3 had 52.90 per cent illiterates, 17.39 per cent of them had primary school, 4.35 per cent of them had middle school, 6.52 per cent of them had high school education, 7.25 per cent of them had PUC, 2.90 per cent of them had diploma, 2.17 per cent of them had ITI, 3.62 per cent of them had Degree and 0.72 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 19.44 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.19 per cent of the household members, 55.07 per cent were agricultural labourers, 55.07 per cent were students and 2.17 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.72 per cent of the population has participated in NGOs and 99.28 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 2.78 per cent of the households possess radio, 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.11 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 16.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of the households possess landline phones and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 9,000, television was Rs. 5,451, mixer/grinder was Rs.1,600, motor cycle was Rs. 34,500, landline was Rs. 3,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,381.  About 2.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, plough per cent of them possess 8.33 per cent, 5.56 per cent of them possess maize huller and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,833, maize huller was Rs. 1,500 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2,000.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.33 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, average own labour (women) available was 1.22, average hired labour (men) available was 7.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60.  The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nandepalli-3 micro-watershed possess 31.99 ha (70.37%) of dry land, 2.02 ha (22.73%) of irrigated land and 11.44 ha (25.18%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 9.69 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.43 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.12 ha (77.94 %) of dry land and 1.73 ha (22.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (50%) of irrigated land and permanent fallow land. Large farmers possess 2.02 ha (22.73%) of irrigated land and 6.88 ha (77.27%) for permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 711,607.5, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 345,800 and the average value of Rs. 87,340.88. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 711,607.5 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 269,699.7 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 196,031.7 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 230,841.11 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 141,142.8 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 141,142.86 for permanent fallow land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 345,800 for irrigated land and the average value was Rs. 29,058.82 for permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.78 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.95 meters.  The results indicate that, large farmers had an irrigated area of 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Cotton (15.28ha), red gram (13.25ha), sunflower (3.64 ha), Sorghum (2.07 ha), groundnut (1.76 ha) and green gram (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sunflower and green gram. Small farmers have grown Cotton, red gram, sunflower and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown red gram. Large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nandepalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 77.78 per cent of the households have bank account and 75 per cent of the households have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 10.34 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 3.45 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank and 24.14 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 30,862.07.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 71087.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72386.47. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1298.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 37871.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36188.37. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1682.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 61601.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 142551.58. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 80949.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 38331.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56781.61. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18450.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 20656.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12301.76. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -8354.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 34125.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52472.45. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18347.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,906.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 100,277.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,000, medium farmers it was Rs. 348,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 160,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,233.08. For landless households it was Rs. 3,194.44, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,629.30, 4 for small farmers it was Rs. 4,795.06, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,333.33, medium farmers it was Rs. 140,000 and large farmers it was Rs. 60,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 mango trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, cashew and peepul tree, 22 teak, 18 neem and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 2 teak trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 666.67 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 138.89 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that own funds from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent each for improved crop production and own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.78 per cent each for land development and 2.78 per cent each for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 84 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 58.82 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 97.83 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 25 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.78 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent of the households and 30.56 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 86.11 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 52.78 per cent, Vegetables were adequate for 5 30.56 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 19.44 per cent, Milk were adequate for 5.56 per cent, egg were adequate for 8.33 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 11.11 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 47.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 69.44 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent, milk were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households, Egg were inadequate for 91.67 per cent and meat were inadequate for 94.44 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil were the constraints experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (63.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (36.11%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.67%), High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (19.44%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (16.67%), Inadequate extension services (5.56%), Less rainfall (47.22%) and Source of Agri-technology information (38.89%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 789 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 77 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 per cent by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent are loamy soils and 61 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands soils.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 72 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 39 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 43 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 211 (27) Guava - 67 (8) Maize 59 (8) 152 (19) Sapota - 67 (8) Bajra 59 (8) 152 (19) Pomegranate - 111 (14) Groundnut 59 (8) 65 (8) Musambi - 111 (14) Sunflower - 112 (14) Lime - 111 (14) Redgram - 141 (18) Amla 59 (7) 79 (10) Bengal gram - 44 (6) Cashew - - Cotton - 67 (9) Jackfruit - 67 (8) Chilli 59 (7) 123 (15) Jamun - - Tomato 59 (7) 79 (10) Custard apple 59 (7) 123 (15) Brinjal 59 (7) 79 (10) Tamarind - - Onion 59 (7) 79 (10) Mulberry - 67 (8) Bhendi 59 (7) 123 (15) Marigold 59 (7) 123 (15) Drumstick - 67 (8) Chrysanthemum 59 (7) 123 (15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 9 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-3 is located at North latitude 160 59' 12.832" and 160 57' 2.636" and East longitude 770 12' 16.869'' and 770 9' 22.368" covering an area of about 790.04 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli Villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-3 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 383 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 141 ha by rock outcrops, about 36 ha by quarry and about 30 ha cover by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 65 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), about 38 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), whereas 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 12 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 32 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 52 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 13 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in an area of 57 per cent, medium (145-337 kg/ha) in about 8 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 5 per cent and about deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 60 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 12(2) 371(63) Guava 37(6) 14(2) Maize 49(8) 334(57) Sapota 37(6) 14(2) Bajra 51(9) 332(56) Pomegranate 37(6) 225(38) Groundnut 39(7) 69(12) Musambi 37(6) 225(38) Sunflower - 262(44) Lime 37(6) 225(38) Redgram - 326(55) Amla 51(9) 268(45) Bengal gram 211(36) 47(8) Cashew - 51(9) Cotton - 223(38) Jackfruit 37(6) 14(2) Chilli 49(8) 270(46) Jamun - 37(6) Tomato 49(8) 59(10) Custard apple 51(9) 268(45) Brinjal 49(8) 59(10) Tamarind - 37(6) Onion 49(8) 59(10) Mulberry 37(6) 14(2) Bhendi 49(8) 59(10) Marigold 49(8) 270(46) Drumstick 37(6) 225(38) Chrysanthemum 49(8) 270(46) Mango - 37(6)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-1 is located at North latitude 160 59' 58.922" and 160 57' 59.983" and East longitude 770 10' 16.077'' and 770 8' 28.685" covering an area of about 575.94 ha coming under Allura. K and Allura .B villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chikka Alur-1 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Chikka Alur-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (16.22%) were marginal, 15 (40.54%) were small, 10 (27.03 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (57.45%) men and 60 (42.55 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 3.8, small farmers were 3.8, semi medium farmers 4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (43.97%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.52 per cent illiterates, 52.49 per cent pre university education and 2.13 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.38 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 97.30 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.78 per cent possess TV, 72.97 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.30 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 13.51 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart and Chaff cutter, 27.03 per cent possess plough and 8.11 per cent possess Sprayer and 89.19 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.70 per cent possess local cow and 2.70 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.46, women available in the micro watershed was 1.30, hired labour (men) available was 14.97 and hired labour (women) available was 13.24.  Further, 13.51 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.13 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 110.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (57.55 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar, Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 86.49 percent possessed bank account and 81.08 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 89.19 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 12.12 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 54.55 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Bajra was Rs.29233.98, 19193.81 and 13750.85 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1:1.90 and 1:1.70 respectively.  Further, 10.81 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 93136.49 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58704.05 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 166 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.351.35 For land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.13 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 81.08 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 29.73 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (5.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 86.49 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 70.27 per cent of the households and 32.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 56.76 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.30%) and oilseeds (5.41%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (91.89 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.49%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (89.19%), inadequacy of irrigation water (89.19%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (86.49%), high rate of interest on credit (89.19%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.49 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (86.49%), inadequate extension services (86.49 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (86.49%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Turk Madhawar-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 436 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 410 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and others covers an area of 26 ha (6%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 410 ha (94%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm), 35 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 8 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 13 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 percent soils are medium (51-100), 13 per cent soil. are low (51-100 mm/m) and 26 per cent area is very low (0.75%), 22 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 69 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and about 47 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 47 percent is low (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 88 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 6 percent is low (4.5ppm) in an area of 25 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in about 69 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 187(43) 91(21) Guava - 130(30) Maize 128(29) 149(34) Sapota - 130(30) Bajra 130(30) 149(34) Pomegranate - 189(43) Groundnut 1(<1) 149(34) Musambi 59(14) 130(30) Sunflower 59(14) 128(29) Lime 59(14) 130(30) Redgram - 244(56) Amla 128(29) 94(22) Bengal gram 59(14) 163(37) Cashew - 78(18) Cotton 59(14) 163(37) Jackfruit - 128(29) Chilli 128(29) 96(22) Jamun - 61(14) Tomato 130(30) 35(8) Custard apple 137(31) 86(20) Brinjal 130(30) 35(8) Tamarind - 61(14) Onion 130(30) 35(8) Mulberry - 128(29) Bhendi 130(30) 94(22) Marigold 130(30) 94(22) Drumstick - 189(43) Chrysanthemum 130(30) 94(22) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Turk Madhawar-2 is located at North latitude 160 40' 59.774" and 160 38' 42.425" and East longitude 770 20' 0.012'' and 770 19' 0.023" covering an area of about 430.13 ha coming under Madhwara and Kalebilagunda villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Turk Madhawar-2 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Turk Madhawar-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 3 (8.57%) were marginal, 12 (34.29%) were small and 15 (42.86 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 83 (52.20%) men and 76 (47.80 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.3 and semi medium farmers were 4.9.  Majority of the respondents (39.62%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 42.77 per cent illiterates, 42.14 per cent pre university education and 3.14 per cent attained graduation.  About, 60.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 31.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 32.08 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 40.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 7.97 and hired labour (women) available was 12.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (58.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.64 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 42.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 53.33 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.21860.80, 29526.79 and 37045.58 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.50 and 1: 1.05 respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89828.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60314.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 69 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 62.86 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2742.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 48.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 48.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 40.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 37.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (54.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 74.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (65.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services (85.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%), Less rainfall (5.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanchagarahatti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 736 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 66 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 20 ha by rock outcrop and 14 per cent others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 6 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 59 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, 6 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) and 1 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) soils.  An area of about 1 per cent is severely (e3), 59 per cent area is moderately (e2) and 6 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 11 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 19 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (8) 129 (18) Guava - 34 (5) Maize 34 (5) 150 (20) Sapota - 34 (5) Bajra 34 (5) 150 (20) Pomegranate - 89 (12) Groundnut 34 (5) 95 (13) Musambi 55 (8) 34 (5) Sunflower 55 (8) 34 (5) Lime 55 (8) 34 (5) Redgram - 89 (12) Amla 34 (5) 150 (20) Bengal gram 55 (8) - Cashew - 1 (<1) Cotton 55 (8) 0.4 (<1) Jackfruit - 34 (5) Chilli 34 (5) 150 (20) Jamun - 55 (8) Tomato 34 (5) 95 (13) Custard apple 89 (12) 95 (13) Brinjal 34 (5) 95 (13) Tamarind - 55 (8) Onion 34 (5) 95 (13) Mulberry - 34 (5) Bhendi 34 (5) 150 (20) Marigold 34 (5) 150 (20) Drumstick - 89 (12) Chrysanthemum 34 (5) 150 (20) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kanchagarahatti is located at North latitude 160 50' 54.027" and 160 48' 23.674" and East longitude 770 6' 23.176'' and 770 4' 18.487" covering an area of about 735.99 ha coming under Kanchagarahalli, Anakasugura, Balajinagar and Tanagundhi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kanchagarahatti micro watersheds of Thanagunda sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 total respondents, 12 (37.50 %) were marginal, 11 (34.38%)were small and 6 (18.75 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (62.78%) men and 67 (37.22 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.56%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.22 per cent illiterates, 43.33 per cent pre university education and 5.56 per cent attained graduation.  About, 96.88 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 93.75 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 53.13 per cent possess TV, 56.25 per cent possess mixer grinder, 93.75 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.63 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households possess plough and 21.88 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 3.13 per cent possess local cow and 6.25 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 14.00 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.32.  Further, 3.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 1.67 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1800.00 kms for about 8.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 86.57 per cent (36.15 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.96 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 3.13 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar, Cotton, Groundnut and 0 and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 93.75 percent possessed bank account and 93.75 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 96.88 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 40.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 60.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.21638.12, 44304.47, 40345.78 and 49788.04 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 0.30, 1: 0.70 and 1: 0.70 respectively.  Further, 59.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 35265.63 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 19171.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 92 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8406.25 for land development, Rs.1531.25 for adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 84.38 per cent and for improved crop production was 56.25 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 90.63 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 90.63 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (93.75%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.38 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.88 per cent of the households and 40.63 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 96.88 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 62.50 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (59.38%), pulses (56.25%) and are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (93.75%) wild animal menace on farm field (43.75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (25.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (71.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.25%), high rate of interest on credit (50.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (78.13%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40.63%), inadequate extension services (46.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(40.63%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project