Suchergebnisse

: Energy is the most important source for production and development. On the one hand energy has become key factor on economical development; on the other, it also has become dominant element in world politics. Russia, as one of the most important oil and gas producer in the world, and with regional and global activity has started to play dominant role in international relations. In this context Russia develops relations with EU diplomatically and economically. This "compulsory" ties lines EU's energy need. Russia is one of the most important gas suppliers for EU. Because of this fact EU has to get fine relations with Russia under the global economic crises. Russia also tries to emphasize her affect to region and global arena via energy with pipe-lines. This "bilateral" relation has been revising together Russia and EU in conjunction of energy

"Libya in the Arab Spring" -- "Preface and Acknowledgments" -- "Contents" -- "List of Abbreviations" -- "List of Figures" -- "1 Introduction" -- "Notes" -- "2 Regional Security Complex Theory and the Middle East and North Africa" -- "Regional Level Versus Global Level" -- "Regional Security Complexes" -- "The Structure of a Regional Security Complex" -- "Process Formations" -- "Essential Structure" -- "Maintenance of the Status Quo" -- "Internal Transformation" -- "External Transformation" -- "Overlay" -- "The Middle East Regional Security Complex" -- "Maghreb Sub-Complex" -- "Notes" -- "3 Overlay and Transition in Libya" -- "State Formation of Libya" -- "Process Formations: Libya's Role in Middle East Security Dynamics" -- "Essential Structure: The Borders of Libya, Power Distribution and Amity-Enmity Relations" -- "Maintenance of the Status Quo: The Arab Spring and Deterioration of the Status Quo" -- "Internal Transformation: Libya's 2011 Upheaval" -- "External Transformation and Overlay: NATO's Intervention and the Role of Regional Actors" -- "The Pains of Transformation in the Post-Revolution Era" -- "Notes" -- "4 Libya in the Post-Revolutionary Era" -- "The Domestic Level: Gap of Authority" -- "The Regional Level: Instability and Insecurity" -- "The Global Level: Re-Consolidation of Long Distance Efforts" -- "Notes" -- "5 Conclusion" -- "Note" -- "Bibliography

This article discusses why Russia replaced the South Stream project with the TurkStream by changing its route and name, and why Turkey is involved in a project on the North-South line although it plays a vital role in the Trans-Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) project in the southern gas corridor. The article first examines the Russia-Ukraine natural gas crisis. It then moves to analyze the reasons behind Russia's changing of the name and the route of the South Stream project. After exploring Turkey's involvement in the project, the article concludes by arguing that both countries adopted a win-win approach toward the project that Russia has gained a significant tariff advantage and freedom from the EU third-party-access rule. The article claims that although both Russia and Turkey have different perspectives on some issues in international politics, they can develop their cooperation with a win-win approach in the TurkStream project.

A significant change in Turkey's foreign policy came with an active engagement in regional issues that, in turn, produced more risks, new areas of interest, regional policy arrangements, and different security challenges in the 2000s. In this vein, Turkey's military spending has increased to sustain its active policy behavior and goals, both regionally and globally. This article examines Turkey's military spending between 2000 and 2018 by using Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's (SIPRI) Military Expenditure Database and its effects on bilateral and regional relations. It argues that the increase in Turkey's military spending in the 2000s can be explained not only by diversified security threats but also by the quest for autonomy, the desire to be a regional actor, economic capacity increase, efforts to nationalize the defense industry, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance's inability to form a sufficient umbrella time in the face of security threats, notably in the face of missile threats. The results show that the traditional alliances and strategic cooperation do not guarantee Turkey's military demands, and its military spending increases, while the proportion of military spending in GDP falls, due to economic growth.

The
failed military coup of July 15, 2016, led by the Fetullah Terrorist
Organization (FETO), indicates that military reform in Turkey at the
operational level needs to be re-considered as an extremely urgent issue. The Justice
and Development Party (AK Party) governments have made very notable structural
changes in the military and have tried to control the military politically and
organizationally. The need for military reform in Turkey derives from two
primary reasons: the tendency of coup action and the need to improve the
military's effectiveness. This article highlights the importance of reforms actualized
at the strategic level during the Justice and Development Party era. It also points out the need for
organizational reform in the military; reform which should be done by the
civilian government in order to cope with challenges.