Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the historical relationship between the number of siblings in a family or household and height, a proxy for biological living standards. Ideally, this relationship is better assessed when we have evidence on the exact number of siblings in a family from its constitution onwards. However, this generally requires applying family reconstitution techniques, which, unfortunately, is not always possible. In this latter case, scholars must generally settle for considering only particular benchmark years using population censuses, from which family and household structures are derived. These data are then linked to the height data for the young males of the family or household. Height data are generally obtained from military records. In this matching process, several decisions have to be taken, which, in turn, are determined by source availability and the number of available observations. Using data from late 19th-century Catalonia, we explore whether the methodology used in matching population censuses and military records as described above might affect the relationship between sibship size and biological living standards and, if so, to what extent. We conclude that, while contextual factors cannot be neglected, the methodological decisions made in the initial steps of research also play a role in assessing this relationship.

AbstractThis paper aims to establish whether there was a gap in biological living standards between urban and rural areas in late nineteenth-century Catalonia, and if so, to determine its extent. The study makes use of a large new dataset based on military records for the cohort of males born in the year 1890 and enlisted in the year 1911. By combining individual heights with information at municipal level, we conclude that the 1890 cohort of conscripts living in rural areas were shorter than those that resided in towns and cities with populations of more than 20,000 people. We also hypothesise about the reasons why urban dwellers in late nineteenth-century Catalonia were taller than their rural counterparts by considering the potential role of rural–urban migration, improvements in public sanitation and health care, and progresses in the quantity and quality of food availability for urban dwellers.

This paper aims to establish whether there was a gap in biological living standards between rural and urban areas in late nineteenth-century Catalonia, and if so, to determine its extent. The study makes use of a large new dataset based on military records for the cohort of males born in the year 1890 and enlisted in the year 1911. By combining individual heights with information at municipal level, we conclude that the 1890 cohort of conscripts living in rural areas were shorter than those that resided in towns and cities with populations of more than 20,000 people. We also hypothesize about the reasons why urban dwellers in late nineteenth-century Catalonia were taller than their rural counterparts. ; Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar si existía, y en qué medida, una brecha en los niveles de vida biológicos entre las zonas rurales y urbanas de la Cataluña de finales del siglo XIX. El estudio utiliza una nueva y extensa base de datos obtenida de registros militares para la cohorte de hombres nacidos en el año 1890 y alistados en el año 1911. A partir de la combinación de datos individuales con información a nivel municipal, llegamos a la conclusión de que en la cohorte de nacidos en 1890 la estatura de los reclutas que vivían en las áreas rurales era menor que la de los que residían en poblaciones de más de 20.000 personas. Asimismo, formulamos algunas hipótesis sobre las razones por las que los habitantes de la Cataluña urbana eran más altos que sus homólogos rurales.

<p><strong></strong>El mercado mundial del vino ha sufrido cambios intensos en las últimas décadas tras un fuerte incremento de la competitividad de los países exportadores del hemisferio sur. Su dinamismo y el aumento de la demanda de los nuevos países consumidores han acelerado el proceso de globalización del vino. En este contexto, analizamos la competencia mundial y los principales cambios en el comercio global de vinos desde 1961 hasta 2010. El artículo muestra la distribución relativa de las exportaciones en el Viejo y el Nuevo Mundo y examina la ventaja comparativa del comercio exterior a través del índice de ventaja comparativa revelada (VCR). Concluye mostrando la creciente competitividad del hemisferio sur en el mercado global, principalmente de Chile, desde la década de 1990, y de Argentina en la última década.</p>

This paper examines the urban-rural differences of the height during the early stages of modern economic growth and industrialization in Spain. Its aim is to explore the extent of the urban penalty, and the changes of biological welfare in the cities and villages, in the rural and urban areas. We use height data of military recruitment records between 1857 and 1936, that provide information on the health and net nutrition of cohorts 1837-1915. We note that previous studies reported higher penalty in rural areas than in cities, and that the height deteriorated in the most industrialized cities due to unhealthy environments, child labor and spread of infections. The new data shows that in some rural areas had better nutritional status that in urban areas with better care resources, so the rural-urban gap was more diverse than we thought, not only by environmental factors but institutions. Data suggests more research on height by social classes in the diverse Spanish geography. ; Este trabajo examina las diferencias urbano-rurales de la estatura durante las primeras fases de la industrialización española. Su objetivo es explorar la dimensión de la urban penalty y los cambios del bienestar biológico en las ciudades frente al mundo rural. Usamos como principal fuente de datos las tallas de los reclutamientos militares entre 1857 y 1936, que nos informan sobre la salud y la nutrición neta en las cohortes de 1837 a 1915. Señala que los estudios previos registraron una mayor penalización en las zonas rurales que en las ciudades y que la talla se deterioró en las ciudades más industrializadas como consecuencia de ambientes insalubres, del abultado empleo infantil y alta incidencia de las infecciones. Los nuevos datos demuestran que en ciertos ámbitos rurales había un mejor estado nutricional que en algunos centros urbanos bien provistos de recursos asistenciales; por tanto, la brecha rural-urbana de la estatura fue más diversa de lo que pensábamos, por factores no sólo ambientales sino institucionales. Se sugiere ampliar la investigación sobre la geografía de la estatura y analizarla por clases sociales.