Suchergebnisse

Desde la perspectiva de la economía del comportamiento, el nudge, como mecanismo psicológico, es una herramienta potencial en la elaboración de políticas públicas, ya que ha sido ampliamente reconocido por su éxito en intervenciones recientes debido a su bajo coste de implementación. En ese sentido, este artículo analizó el potencial uso del nudge en las políticas públicas ante determinadas situaciones. Para tal fin, se ha realizado la revisión sistemática de literatura sobre la economía del comportamiento. Los resultados permitieron identificar el potencial de uso del nudge en políticas públicas respecto a decisiones predeterminadas, protección ante compras no solicitadas y contratos de renovación automática. En conclusión, el uso del nudge en la elaboración de políticas públicas permitiría a los gobiernos que lo aplican asegurar la eficacia de sus intervenciones y mejorar el nivel de aprobación de los ciudadanos.

Este trabajo aborda el sobre endeudamiento como fenómeno de suma importancia cuyos efectos en la vida de las personas afectadas y a nivel social son sumamente negativos, por lo que el asunto merece ser regulado por el Estado. Se busca conceptualizar el sobre endeudamiento, como aquella situación que sitúa al consumidor en una situación económica desfavorable debido a la cantidad de sus deudas y a su falta de liquidez, hasta el punto de comprometer el sustento propio y el de su familia. El sobreendeudamiento tiene consecuencias sociales negativas, causa daños al deudor y también a la sociedad. Ante la ausencia de protección específica para el consumidor sobre endeudado, se plantea una sugerencia de modificación al Código de Protección al consumidor teniendo en cuenta la experiencia de otros países.

Using the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, this text reflects on the transformation of contents and programming that television went through in many European countries during the two decades between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. Methodologically, the advent of private broadcasting in West Germany in 1984 will be explained firstly taking into consideration a series of legal and political changes from 1975 onwards. In its second part, the text changes its perspective and focuses on some of the changes introduced by the new private stations after 1984. It analyzes the way the contents and programing that modified the main function that television had played in Germany for almost thirty years. This study shows how the emergence of private broadcasting served as catalyst to the three general trends – internationalization, commercialization and the triumph of entertainment – that would prevail as core values of a new television paradigm to the present day. ; Tomando como ejemplo el caso de la República Federal Alemana, el presente texto analiza el proceso de transformación sufrido por la programación y los programas televisivos en las dos décadas que van desde mediados de los años setenta hasta principios de los noventa. La llegada de la televisión privada en 1984 queda así encuadrada dentro de un periodo de transformación más amplio que aquí se explica en primer lugar teniendo en cuenta los cambios que hubieron de sucederse en panorama televisivo desde 1975 así como, en segundo lugar, analizando una serie de contenidos emitidos por las cadenas privadas a partir de 1984. La génesis de las cadenas privadas funciona como catalizador de tres tendencias (internacionalización, comercialización, entretenimiento), que a partir de este momento se impondrán como valores centrales de la nueva televisión.

Using the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, this text reflects on the transformation of contents and programming that television went through in many European countries during the two decades between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. Methodologically, the advent of private broadcasting in West Germany in 1984 will be explained firstly taking into consideration a series of legal and political changes from 1975 onwards. In its second part, the text changes its perspective and focuses on some of the changes introduced by the new private stations after 1984. It analyzes the way the contents and programing that modified the main function that television had played in Germany for almost thirty years. This study shows how the emergence of private broadcasting served as catalyst to the three general trends – internationalization, commercialization and the triumph of entertainment – that would prevail as core values of a new television paradigm to the present day. ; Tomando como ejemplo el caso de la República Federal Alemana, el presente texto analiza el proceso de transformación sufrido por la programación y los programas televisivos en las dos décadas que van desde mediados de los años setenta hasta principios de los noventa. La llegada de la televisión privada en 1984 queda así encuadrada dentro de un periodo de transformación más amplio que aquí se explica en primer lugar teniendo en cuenta los cambios que hubieron de sucederse en panorama televisivo desde 1975 así como, en segundo lugar, analizando una serie de contenidos emitidos por las cadenas privadas a partir de 1984. La génesis de las cadenas privadas funciona como catalizador de tres tendencias (internacionalización, comercialización, entretenimiento), que a partir de este momento se impondrán como valores centrales de la nueva televisión.

Contemporary issues and methods. Challenges to legal translators in institutional settings / Susan ¿arcevic -- Corpora in institutional legal translation: small steps and the big picture / Lucja Biel -- Comparative law and legal translation as partners in knowledge communication: frames as a descriptive instrument / Jan Engberg -- Translation quality in law- and policy-making and implementation. Towards a more structured approach to quality assurance: DGT's quality journey / Ingemar Strandvik -- The skills required to achieve quality in institutional translation: the views of EU and UN revisers / Anne Lafeber -- Legal terminology consistency and adequacy as quality indicators in institutional translation: a mixed-method comparative study / Fernando Prieto Ramos and Diego Guzmán -- Comparing multilingual practices in the EU and the Canadian legal systems: the case of terminological choices in legislative drafting / Agnieszka Doczekalska -- Legal-linguistic profiling as translation aid: the example of EU agency / Colin Robertson -- Translating hybrid legal texts for science and technology institutions: the case of cern / Mathilde Fontanet -- Translation and multilingual case-law. The impact of multilingualism on the judgments of the EU Court of Justice / Susan Wright -- A corpus investigation of translation-generated diversity in EU case-law / Aleksandar Trklja -- Specificities of translation at the European Court of Human Rights: policy and practice / James Brannan -- Comparative interpretation of multilingual law in international courts: patterns and implications for translation / Fernando Prieto Ramos and Lucie Pacho Aljanati

The death penalty was a repression method used extensively in the First Roman Empire, for all kinds of social classes. This essay analyses, from a historical view, the various methods of death sentence used; and it is based on legislation or the age and mainly on latin writers.

Terminological consistency and accuracy are key indicators of institutional translation quality and a condition for semantic univocity and certainty with regard to legal terms translated at international organizations. They are accordingly important guiding principles in institutional terminology management. This chapter examines variations of consistency and accuracy levels in the translations of three selected terms that are representative of different degrees of legal asymmetry in English-Spanish translation, as well as the congruity of these translations with the recommendations found in the corresponding institutional terminological resources in three settings: the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. The corpora compiled for diachronic comparison include all occurrences of the selected terms ("prima facie evidence," "tort" and "magistrates' court") in two periods: 2005–2015 and 2016–2019. The findings suggest significant correlations between legal asymmetry and translation accuracy levels, and between intertextual consistency and accuracy fluctuations. They also reveal low adherence to the (limited) guidance of institutional terminological resources on legal system-specific terms. Additional qualitative insights are offered regarding the most significant cases of terminological harmonization and on the determining role of translation precedents.

Corrigenda issued by international organizations provide a most relevant source for the analysis of translation errors and what they reveal about institutional translation quality control and correction processes. This study examines corrigenda published in three settings (the European Union institutions involved in law-making, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization) in three years over a decade: 2005, 2010 and 2015. It reviews the procedures used to introduce translation corrections in these institutions before presenting the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of translation-triggered corrigenda in two target languages, French and Spanish, per setting, year, genre, error type and severity. A distinction is made between content reformulation corrections and minor formal corrections for the comparison of diachronic changes and semantic impact levels of corrected errors between the institutions considered. The findings confirm that minor formal errors may have meaning-distorting effects that are as serious as content reformulation errors; when this is not the case, they rarely trigger single-correction corrigenda. The UN recourse to "reissues for technical reasons" for translation corrections and the growing number of corrigenda to EU legal acts and their implications for translation quality assurance and legal certainty are further contextualized and discussed drawing on both corpus analysis and consultations with institutional informants.

This paper explores how the legal functions of international organizations condition the scope and properties of translation-mediated multilingualism as implemented in three representative settings: the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. To this end, a multi-method interdisciplinary approach is applied encompassing various analyses of institutional text corpora, legal instruments, language policy documents and interviews with translation service managers. The data obtained provide evidence of the interconnection and variations of underlying legal, textual and linguistic hierarchies, together with pragmatic and political factors, as reflected in translation directionality, strategies and quality assurance, and in multilingual text interpretation. It is argued that these aspects serve to reveal the "depth" of institutional multilingualism beyond the "breadth" of language coverage.

Corrigenda issued by international organizations provide a most relevant source for the analysis of translation errors and what they reveal about institutional translation quality control and correction processes. This study examines corrigenda published in three settings (the European Union institutions involved in law-making, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization) in three years over a decade: 2005, 2010 and 2015. It reviews the procedures used to introduce translation corrections in these institutions before presenting the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of translation-triggered corrigenda in two target languages, French and Spanish, per setting, year, genre, error type and severity. A distinction is made between content reformulation corrections and minor formal corrections for the comparison of diachronic changes and semantic impact levels of corrected errors between the institutions considered. The findings confirm that minor formal errors may have meaning-distorting effects that are as serious as content reformulation errors; when this is not the case, they rarely trigger single-correction corrigenda. The UN recourse to "reissues for technical reasons" for translation corrections and the growing number of corrigenda to EU legal acts and their implications for translation quality assurance and legal certainty are further contextualized and discussed drawing on both corpus analysis and consultations with institutional informants. ; Sprostowania wydawane przez organizacje międzynarodowe stanowią najistotniejsze źródło analizy błędów w tłumaczeniu oraz tego, co ujawniają na temat instytucjonalnej kontroli jakości tłumaczeń i procesów korekty. W niniejszym badaniu przeanalizowano sprostowania opublikowane przez trzy instytucje (Unię Europejską zaangażowaną w stanowienie prawa, ONZ i Światową Organizację Handlu) na przestrzeni dekady w latach: 2005, 2010 i 2015 r. Najpierw dokonano przeglądu procedur zastosowanych do wprowadzenia poprawek do tłumaczeń w tych instytucjach. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki analizy ilościowej i jakościowej sprostowań tłumaczeń w dwóch językach docelowych, francuskim i hiszpańskim, według instytucji, roku, gatunku, rodzaju błędu i jego wagi. Wprowadzono rozróżnienie między zmianami wpływającymi na treść komunikatu a drobnymi poprawkami formalnymi w celu porównania zmian diachronicznych i rodzaju zmian semantycznych, wynikających z korekty błędów wprowadzanych przez poszczególne instytucje. Ustalenia potwierdzają, że drobne błędy formalne mogą mieć równie poważne skutki, zniekształcające znaczenie, jak błędy zmieniające treść komunikatu; w wypadkach odmiennych rzadko dochodzi do wydania jakiegokolwiek sprostowania błędu. Autor kontekstualizuje i omawia podejście ONZ do "ponownego publikowania z przyczyn technicznych tekstów" uwzględniających poprawione błędy tłumaczeniowe oraz rosnącą liczbę sprostowań aktów prawnych UE i ich konsekwencje dla zapewnienia jakości tłumaczeń oraz pewności prawa w oparciu o analizę korpusu i konsultacje z informatorami instytucjonalnymi.

This chapter highlights the relevance of text categorisation for research in legal translation by focusing on institutional translation settings, namely: the European Union (EU), the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and their corresponding adjudicative bodies.1 After briefly reviewing recurrent issues and models of legal text classification (section 2), a multidimensional approach is applied to the multilingual text production of the three representative institutional translation settings during three years over the span of a decade (2005, 2010 and 2015), as part of the project "Legal Translation in International Institutional Settings: Scope, Strategies and Quality Markers" (LETRINT) (section 3). The resulting subdivisions are integrated into a categorisation matrix and discussed as a way of illustrating the relative nature and implications of text classifications. The fine-grained description of corpus design and representativeness, technical aspects of corpus compilation and full taxonomies of genres are not addressed in this chapter.

Text categorisation is a key methodological aspect of research into discourse and translation patterns. It relies on the conceptualisation of the object of study and has significant implications for corpus compilation and analysis. In the case of legal translation research, it raises long-debated questions on the legal nature of text types and the boundaries between them. After a brief review of recurrent issues and models of legal text classification, focus is placed on three representative international settings of institutional legal translation (the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, including their adjudicative bodies) in order to illustrate the challenges of defining the contours and internal structure of a broad area of translation practice. A cyclical multidimensional approach based on the legal contextualisation of institutional functions is applied to the mapping of three parallel corpora, one per organisation. The resulting subdivisions form an overarching matrix composed of four primary categories and several subcategories of interrelated genres. This categorisation, of unprecedented comparative coverage in institutional translation, serves to highlight the implications of more expansive or restrictive approaches to surveying legal translation.