Riding Third: Social Work in Ambulance Work
In: Health & social work: a journal of the National Association of Social Workers, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 90-97
ISSN: 1545-6854
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In: Health & social work: a journal of the National Association of Social Workers, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 90-97
ISSN: 1545-6854
In: Andersen , M M & Rasmussen , B 2006 , Nanotechnology development in Denmark - Environmental opportunities and risk . Denmark. Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R , no. 1550(EN) .
The present report represents the nanostudy part of a larger study entitled "Green Technology Foresight about Environmentally Friendly Products and Materials – Challenges from Nanotechnology, Biotechnology and ICT" (Jørgensen et al. 2006). The study wasmade for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and feeds into recent international trends in developing a stronger innovation perspective to environmental policy, noticeably the EU ETAP (European Environmental technology action plan) process. InDenmark it is related to the development of a Danish environmental technology action plan (forthcoming in summer 2006). The analysis focuses not only on the environmental impact but even more on the dynamics involved in nanotechnology development ofwhich we currently know very little. Applying an innovation economic perspective focus is placed on analysing the direction of the nano search and technology development processes and how environmental issues enter into these. Hereby, the futuretrajectories of nanotechnology development is sought captured, indicating likely long-term perspectives of the Danish nanotechnology development. The content of the report is as follows: What is nanotechnology? Definitions and dynamics. What dointernational findings say on environmental opportunities and risks of nanotechnology? The path creation processes within nanotechnology in Denmark. Focus is on how environmental issues enter into the strategies and search processes of Danish nanoresearchers and related industry. The identification of nanotechnology eco-opportunities more generally and through 6 short case studies. A very wide range of nano eco-opportunities have been identified although most of thse are at a very early andhighly uncertain stage of development. Generally, however, green attention and search rules among Danish nanoresearchers are quite weak, meaning that many eco-opportunities are likely to be neglected and environmental and health risks overlooked.
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In: Borch , K , Rasmussen , B & Schleisner , L 2000 , Life cycle inventory and risk assessment of genetic modified perennial ryegrass in a technology foresight perspective . Denmark. Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R , no. 1130(EN) , Risø National Laboratory , Roskilde .
Due to the complexity and advanced nature of modern biotechnology and to its content of risk and ethic matters it is necessary to face the challenge of making the prospect comprehensible and transparent to society. Using life cycle inven-tory (LCI),expert panels and weighted expert questionnaires, a methodological approach is suggested to analyse the uncertainties that the biotech industry and the authorities face when implementing genetically modified (GM) crops. These uncertainties embracescientific rationality regarding technological development and risk assessments, as well as ethic political and social matters, which are based on more dispersed matters. In a test case on the development of a GM-ryegrass (that is incapable of producingstems and flowers during grassland farming) incorporated answers to a questionnaire from different types of experts and stakeholders identified four drivers as the most important and uncertain fac-tors for the future direction of GM crops: 1) publicparticipation in regulation, 2) utility value for the consumers, 3) being first to market GM-ryegrass, and 4) an efficient professional network. Based on the identified drivers several scenar-ios were constructed, of which two are presented in the report. ; Due to the complexity and advanced nature of modern biotechnology and to its content of risk and ethic matters it is necessary to face the challenge of making the prospect comprehensible and transparent to society. Using life cycle inventory (LCI), expert panels and weighted expert questionnaires, a methodological approach is suggested to analyse the uncertainties that the biotech industry and the authorities face when implementing genetically modified (GM) crops. These uncertainties embrace scientific rationality regarding technological development and risk assessments, as well as ethic political and social matters, which are based on more dispersed matters. In a test case on the development of a GM-ryegrass (that is incapable of producing stems and flowers during grassland farming) incorporated answers to a questionnaire from different types of experts and stakeholders identified four drivers as the most important and uncertain factors for the future direction of GM crops: 1) public participation in regulation, 2) utility value for the consumers, 3) being first to market GM-ryegrass, and 4) an efficient professional network. Based on the identified drivers several scenarios were constructed, of which two are presented in the report.
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In Indonesia responsibility for immunizations is placed on local government health centres and on the nurses who provide the immunizations at each centre. An on-the-job peer training programme for these nurses, which was designed to improve the immunization performance of poorly performing health centres in terms of coverage and practice in Maluku province, was evaluated. Experienced immunization nurses were sent to health centres where nurses were inexperienced or performing poorly; the experienced nurses spent 1-2 weeks providing on-the-job training for the less experienced ones. An evaluation of the 13 centres that participated in the programme and the 95 that did not found that the programme increased both immunization coverage and the quality of practice. Coverage of diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT), polio, and measles vaccinations rose by about 39% in all 13 participating centres when compared with non-participating centres, and by about 54% in the 11 centres that had a functioning transportation system during the year after training. These results reflect increases in the actual number of doses given and improvements in the accuracy of reports. Potential threats to the study's validity were examined and found not to be significant. The out-of-pocket cost of the training programme was about US$ 53 per trainee or about US$ 0.05 per additional vaccine reported to have been given. The marginal cost per additional fully immunized child was estimated to be US$ 0.50.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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