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The transfer of technology from developed to the developing countries plays an important role in meeting the technological needs of the latter. A strict patent regime adopted by a developing country encourages the transfer of the latest technology from the developed world. At the same time however, such a regime impedes the spread of the technology within the developing country through spillovers. This paper examines the welfare effects of technology policy of a developing country, which depends on both the technology transferred as well as the spillover of knowledge from such transfers. Situating the model in a welfare maximizing framework, we show that there are gains as well as losses from a stricter patent regime, which underlines the case for an optimal technology policy that may involve a semi strong patent regime.

The liberalization process undertaken by the Indian economy in recent times has thrown up many challenges. This paper investigates the factors explaining industrial efficiency in India and whether there has been a change in these factors since liberalization was ushered in 1991. This paper investigates the efficiency of firms during the period 1991 to 2001, using the concept of frontier production functions. Estimates of inefficiency have been obtained for 23 industry groups using the Capitaline Ole′ database for three years 1991, 1995 and 2001. We find that the variables relating to external competition and technology flow from outside such as royalty payments, exports and import of raw materials have become significant in the year 2001 which were not so in the year 1991.

Developing countries face a trade-off between the twin objectives of structural transformation and inclusive growth. This is the 'developer's dilemma'. This study analyses the dilemma as it manifested itself in the Indian context, and identifies two distinct episodes over the post-independence period. We characterize these two episodes as 'inclusion without growth' and 'growth without inclusion'. We argue that the trade-off in each of these episodes is explained by political factors and the economic ideology pertaining during this period, which in turn, drive the policy regimes and economic outcomes. We draw a few conclusions. First, economic ideology played an important role in driving structural transformation in India. Second, structural transformation did not lead to manufacturing-based industrialization in India due to increasing political competition. Third, the lack of manufacturing growth intensified the dilemma in the Indian context. Finally, we predict three alternative trajectories that structural transformation and inclusiveness may follow in this country.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Low Carbon Pathways for India and Costs of Action Versus Inaction -- 1 Overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Low-Carbon Pathways -- 1.2 Can India Grow in a Low-Carbon Way? -- 1.2.1 Energy Consumption and Projected Demand -- 1.3 An Outline of the Book -- Reference -- 2 India's Energy Demand and Supply -- Abstract -- 2.1 Energy Sector Growth Since 1980 -- 2.2 Growth in the 1990s -- 2.3 Recovery Between 2000 and 2010 -- 2.4 Declines Since 2010 -- 2.5 Implications -- 2.6 Energy Demand Going Forward -- 2.6.1 Demand -- 2.6.2 Meeting Demand -- References -- 3 Low Carbon Pathways for Growth in India: Assessment of Climate Models -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Review of the Models -- 3.3 Results from the Indian Modeling Exercises -- References -- 4 Low Carbon Pathways -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Assumptions -- 4.3 Reference Scenario -- 4.3.1 Demand -- 4.3.2 Supply -- 4.4 Low Carbon Pathways -- 4.5 Demand -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5 Cost of Inaction on Mitigating Climate Change: A Preliminary Analysis -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Cost of Agriculture Production Loss -- 5.3.2 Cost of Health Impacts -- 5.4 Increased Investment in Electricity Generation Infrastructure -- 5.5 Conclusions and Limitations -- References -- Energy Challenges and Strategies in Key Sectors -- 6 Low-Carbon Pathways for Urban Development and Mobility in India -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 GHG Emissions in the Urban Transport Sector -- 6.3 Urban Growth and GHG Emissions-the Interrelationships -- 6.4 Promoting Low-Carbon Growth in Cities -- 6.5 Low-Carbon Pathways in India's Million Plus Cities -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Strategies to Lower Carbon Emissions in Industry -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction.

This book explores ways in which India can negotiate the low carbon path up until 2030, when it is expected to be the largest economy after the US and China. It comprehensively reviews the low climate pathways for India and provides a guide to the pathways that the country can adopt. India's population, energy demands and emissions will increase significantly, and the challenge is to restrict its CO2 emissions and walk the low carbon path. Through its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), India has pledged to reduce its emissions significantly. Addressing the question of which low carbon paths India can adhere to without compromising its growth, the book identifies the key factors that feed into existing models of climate change and discusses the cost of action versus inaction. It also examines key issues concerning India's environment through the lens of the transport, industry and water sectors. The book concludes by looking at policy implications for low carbon growth in India.

In this paper, we try to cover a whole range of polices and schemes that have been undertaken in Indiato finance disaster risk resilience (DRR). This paper tries to emphasise the importance of DRR in dealing with natural catastrophesby integrating DRR and climate change adaptation strategies for the purpose of mainstreaming them into centrally sponsored schemes. It briefly talks about synergising risk reduction efforts with sustainable development goals through the Sendai Framework. This framework calls for all-inclusive collective action from private stakeholdersandlocal governments,while unambiguously stating the primary role of a state. The paper reflects briefly on the gaps since the advent of these policies and suggests methods for financing based on experiences of other countries. Then the focus of the paper shifts towards insurance and reinsurance mechanisms used in other countries for financing these catastrophes. It underlines a concept that resilience can be attained only through building better infrastructure for reducing shocks and these instruments can be financed by introducing new financial tools which deal with climate change from its very inception. Infrastructure creation is an ineluctable component of economic growth and development. It points out that the success of any economy is heavily dependent on its infrastructure network and assets -existing and planned -and ignoring the 'resilience' aspect in infrastructure management and investment would mean additional vulnerabilities and serious negative impacts on efforts towards sustainable development and a low carbon future.Scaling up resilient infrastructure will also bring numerous co-benefits by diffusing development across sectors.Despite the suite of reforms that have been initiated in shifting towards resilient infrastructure and disaster funds,implementation of these reformshasbeen poor. These reforms are stalled by the weakness in execution and layers and sub-layers involved indelivering these services.

This book focuses on one of the two G20 tracks, the finance track. It examines the evolution of the finance track in G20, the organizational structure of the finance track, and the role of international organizations in reforming the financial architecture. It discusses how the agenda is formed and driven by the political economy of the host country as well as the imperative of the time. It also documents the finance track themes taken up by different G20 presidencies over the years. Some of the common threads between the G20 emerging economies presidencies in terms of the finance track themes that the G20 leaders have considered include financial sector regulation and reform, reform of international financial institutions, global growth and macroeconomic policies, international taxation, and financial inclusion. The book is an excellent resource for the researchers of international economics as well as for policymakers.

This study was partially supported by core funds of ICIMOD contributed by the governments of Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, and Switzerland. AO was supported by funding from the National Environmental Research Council (NERC) National Capability Overseas Development Assistance under the grant 'Polar expertise –Supporting development' (NE/R000107/1). ; River systems originating from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) are dominated by runoff from snow and glacier melt and summer monsoonal rainfall. These water resources are highly stressed as huge populations of people living in this region depend on them, including for agriculture, domestic use, and energy production. Projections suggest that the UIB region will be affected by considerable (yet poorly quantified) changes to the seasonality and composition of runoff in the future, which are likely to have considerable impacts on these supplies. Given how directly and indirectly communities and ecosystems are dependent on these resources and the growing pressure on them due to ever-increasing demands, the impacts of climate change pose considerable adaptation challenges. The strong linkages between hydroclimate, cryosphere, water resources, and human activities within the UIB suggest that a multi- and inter-disciplinary research approach integrating the social and natural/environmental sciences is critical for successful adaptation to ongoing and future hydrological and climate change. Here we use a horizon scanning technique to identify the Top 100 questions related to the most pressing knowledge gaps and research priorities in social and natural sciences on climate change and water in the UIB. These questions are on the margins of current thinking and investigation and are clustered into 14 themes, covering three overarching topics of 'governance, policy, and sustainable solutions', 'socioeconomic processes and livelihoods', and 'integrated Earth System processes'. Raising awareness of these ...