Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter One. Neighborhoods and Inequality -- Chapter Two. Material and Demographic Changes -- Chapter Three. Slave Markets and Networks1 -- Chapter Four. Family, Work, and Punishment -- Chapter Five. Illness, Recovery, and Death -- Chapter Six. Pathways to Freedom: Manumission and Flight -- Chapter Seven. "Manumissionists," Abolitionists, and Emancipation -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

The historiographies of Mexico and Brazil have implicitly stated that business networks were crucial for the initial industrialization of these two countries. Recently, differing visions on the importance of business networks have arisen. In the case of Mexico, the literature argues that entrepreneurs relied heavily on an informal institutional structure to obtain necessary resources and information. In contrast, the recent historiography of Brazil suggests that after 1890 the network of corporate relations became less important for entrepreneurs trying to obtain capital and concessions, once the institutions promoted financial markets and easy entry for new businesses. Did entrepreneurs in Brazil and Mexico organize their networks differently to deal with the different institutional settings? We examine whether in Mexico businessmen relied more on networks of interlocking boards of directors and other informal arrangements to do business than in Brazil. Our hypothesis is confirmed by three related results: (1) the total number of connections (i.e., the density of the network) was higher in Mexico than Brazil; (2) in Mexico, there was one dense core network, while in Brazil we find fairly dispersed clusters of corporate board interlocks; and most importantly, (3) politicians played a more important role in the Mexican network of corporate directors than their counterparts in Brazil. Interestingly, even though Brazil and Mexico relied on very different institutional structures, both countries had similar rates of growth between 1890 and 1913. However, the dense and exclusive Mexican network might have ended up increasing the social and political tensions that led to the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920).

In the context of continuing gender and race/ethnic inequalities in labour markets throughout Europe, this article uses case study material gathered in eight countries to explore equality policies and practices in SMEs. Overall the findings indicate a limited and contingent approach to equality issues on the part of SME owners and managers and an ineffective trade union challenge to the status quo. The article offers some thoughts on possible ways forward, concluding that unions have a long way to go before their rhetorical commitment to representing SME workers effectively and to pursuing an equality agenda is translated into action and practices at workplace level.

An introduction to the Pacific Basin / Shane J. Barter & Michael Weiner -- Oceania : an overview / Edward D. Lowe -- Southeast Asia : unity in diversity / Shane J. Barter -- East Asia : convergence and divergence / Michael Weiner -- The North American sphere of influence : from sea to shining sea / John M. Heffron -- Latin America : a living and changing artifact / Sarah England & Ian Read -- The age of colonialism(s) / Shane J. Barter -- The Pacific war : remembering & forgetting / Michael Weiner -- Migration, immigration, and settlement within the Pacific Basin / Sarah England & Michael Weiner -- Global cities, megacities, ordinary cities : urbanization across the Pacific Basin / Deike Peters -- Economic development in the Pacific Basin since World War II / Hong-Yi Chen -- Understanding TPP's significance for the Pacific Basin / Edward M. Feasel -- Boundary disputes in the Pacific Basin / Lisa MacLeod -- Armed conflict across the Pacific : patterns and possibilities / Shane J. Barter -- Environmental protection in the Pacific Basin / George J. Busenberg -- State building, disease, and public health / Ian Read & Michael Weiner -- Rapid societal change and mental health vulnerabilities in the Pacific Basin / Edward D. Lowe -- Trans-identity : theory, politics, and identity across the Pacific Basin / Ryan Ashley Caldwell & Kristi M. Wilson -- Gender violence : honor, shame, and the violation of bodies in Guatemala and India / Sarah England -- The literature of exile / JP Kehlen -- One documentary film and trauma in the Pacific Basin / Tomas Crowder-Taraborrelli

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction. Commodity Chains in Theory and in Latin American History -- 1 The Spanish-American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime, 1550-1800 -- 2 Indigo Commodity Chains in the Spanish and British Empires, 1560-1860 -- 3 Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550-1850 -- 4 Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500-1800 -- 5 The Latin American Coffee Commodity Chain: Brazil and Costa Rica -- 6 Trade Regimes and the International Sugar Market, 1850-1980: Protectionism, Subsidies, and Regulation -- 7 The Local and the Global: Internal and External Factors in the Development of Bahia's Cacao Sector -- 8 Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in U.S. History -- 9 The Fertilizer Commodity Chains: Guano and Nitrate, 1840-1930 -- 10 Brazil in the International Rubber Trade, 1870-1930 -- 11 Reports of Its Demise Are Not Exaggerated: The Life and Times of Yucatecan Henequen -- 12 Cocaine in Chains: The Rise and Demise of a Global Commodity, 1860-1950 -- Conclusion Commodity Chains and Globalization in Historical Perspective -- Contributors -- Index