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The article presents a critical analysis of indices and indicators of gender equality and suggests a new comprehensive approach to measuring gender equality of opportunity within axial institutions, which are family, labor market, education, science, public and corporate governance. Whereas the main gender indices measure inequality of access to resources, the axial institutions index measures equality of opportunity using the concept of agency. The key innovations are as follows: the inclusion of the institution of family and the gender division of unpaid domestic work as the basis for gender inequality of opportunities; horizontal segregation in labor markets and in education by calculating the average gap in the share of women and men with different educational profile; inclusion of an institute of science, including academia decision-making, inclusion of an institute of corporate governance (along with the state one). As a result, the index of axial institutions is visualized in the form of a hexagon, which describes the specifics of the model of gender equality in Russia.

The article undertakes a gender analysis of small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurship in Japan to find out whether they affect gender inequality, women and economy; what women empowerment could bring to the development of SME, entrepreneurship and economy in Japan. To answer these questions the author uses gap analysis (gender wage gap, enterprise size wage gap, education wage gap) per industry in dynamics; international comparisons, institutional analysis, trend analysis, case studies, historical analysis and policy analysis. The research finds out that SMEs in Japan maintain higher level of inequality, comparing to large enterprises. Interlocked business relations between SME and large corporations (keiretsu) and employment structure are major and unique factors that exacerbate gender inequality in Japan. Tracing back how labor relations were organized in Japan, the research finds that the exclusion of women from lifetime employment was supposed to suit women's best interests, however it resulted in subordinate position and economic dependence of women. Women's entrepreneurship in Japan presents an area of untapped potentials that could effectively tackle a set of socio-economic problems and impact exponentially women empowerment in Japan. Women business in Japan proves to be effective and profitable and, what is more important, it has a "human face" and occupies (among others) vacant niche of social care, both optimizing and humanizing it. Finally, the research concludes that female entrepreneurship requires more attention and support from the government.

Japan, the largest net exporter of investment plays one of key roles in the in-ternational capital flows and has a serious impact on the global trends in this important dimension of international economic relations. Vast amounts of for-eign direct investment (FDI) outflow are important for the Japanese national economy as well, since Japanese overseas production in some areas reaches 40% and is an important part of its industrial potential. However, FDI inflow remains low, indicating an unbalanced participation of Japan in the international capital flows. Japan in international capital flows presents a field for complex numerous research. This article concentrates on analysis of dynamics and geographical structure of capital flows, reveal the trends, and estimate the effect of Abenomics.