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This volume examines the ethical issues generated by recent developments in intelligence collection and offers a comprehensive analysis of the key legal, moral and social questions thereby raised. Intelligence officers, whether gatherers, analysts or some combination thereof, are operating in a sea of social, political, scientific and technological change. This book examines the new challenges faced by the intelligence community as a result of these changes. It looks not only at how governments employ spies as a tool of state and how the ultimate outcomes are judged by their societies, but also at the mind-set of the spy. In so doing, this volume casts a rare light on an often ignored dimension of spying: the essential role of truth and how it is defined in an intelligence context. This book offers some insights into the workings of the intelligence community and aims to provide the first comprehensive and unifying analysis of the relevant moral, legal and social questions, with a view toward developing policy that may influence real-world decision making. The contributors analyse the ethics of spying across a broad canvas - historical, philosophical, moral and cultural - with chapters covering interrogation and torture, intelligence's relation to war, remote killing, cyber surveillance, responsibility and governance. In the wake of the phenomena of WikiLeaks and the Edward Snowden revelations, the intelligence community has entered an unprecedented period of broad public scrutiny and scepticism, making this volume a timely contribution.

In the age of the War on Terror, high-quality, reliable intelligence is more crucial to our national security than ever. Effective intelligence saves lives. Yet from September 11, 2001 in New York to Bali, Madrid, London and the unfolding situation in Iraq, we hear endless claims and counter-claims about what went wrong and why.As former intelligence officers with the military and ASIS, Lance Collins and Warren Reed are ideally placed to assess these claims. From the policy-makers to the agents on the ground, the authors examine the chain of command and the role of vested interests. They provide an overview for the general reader of how intelligence services work in the post-September 11 world.Non-partisan and clearly written, Plunging Point outlines the historical context, the present problems and future solutions for intelligence services and their societies.Every aware Australian needs to read this.

Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) was a great Tanzanian poet, essayist and judge who wrote in Kiswahili more than 25 books. It is a tradition in the Kiswahili poetry world of poets to collect, select and reunite their best verse compositions in a personal magnum opus called Diwani. The Diwani ya Mnyampala has been published in 1963. My field research works from 2007 to 2010 has shown that, alongside Mathias E. Mnyampala's poems contained in his Diwani, another author may appear. Mary Mangwela Mnyampala (Wastara) is a woman poet and the wife of the author. It is not clearly indicated in her spouse's Diwani but she may have written at least five poems inside. This article is an interrogation about the meaning of this woman hidden in the Diwani ya Mnyampala: from an initial and heuristical approach in terms of gender - that will speak to the lack of relevance in this aesthetic field of a victimized woman prejudice or hypothesis - toward a political and aesthetical reflection on East African art and Kiswahili poetry.

Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) was a great Tanzanian poet, essayist and judge who wrote in Kiswahili more than 25 books. It is a tradition in the Kiswahili poetry world of poets to collect, select and reunite their best verse compositions in a personal magnum opus called Diwani. The Diwani ya Mnyampala has been published in 1963. My field research works from 2007 to 2010 has shown that, alongside Mathias E. Mnyampala's poems contained in his Diwani, another author may appear. Mary Mangwela Mnyampala (Wastara) is a woman poet and the wife of the author. It is not clearly indicated in her spouse's Diwani but she may have written at least five poems inside. This article is an interrogation about the meaning of this woman hidden in the Diwani ya Mnyampala: from an initial and heuristical approach in terms of gender - that will speak to the lack of relevance in this aesthetic field of a victimized woman prejudice or hypothesis - toward a political and aesthetical reflection on East African art and Kiswahili poetry.

AbstractIntroductionLife expectancy for people with Down syndrome (DS) has increased to 60 years, although poor oral health affects their quality of life. Panoramic radiographs (PRs) are usually well‐tolerated by people with DS and can provide valuable diagnostic data for treatment planning and research. Methods A scoping review of peer‐reviewed articles published between 1971and 2021 was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to determine the scope of use of PRs for people with DS.Results937 papers were screened, and 52 papers were included and charted into seven categories in this review. A high prevalence of tooth agenesis (TA) and other anomalies were reported in 45% of papers. Severe periodontal disease was considered characteristic of DS in the 1970s–80s and the benefit of time‐consuming treatment was questioned. Since 2000 case reports illustrate that improved oral care, orthodontic treatment, and dental implants under local or general anaesthetic can improve the quality of life for people with DS.ConclusionPRs play an important role in the diagnosis of anomalies, periodontal disease, and implant planning for patients with DS. This review highlights the gaps in research of caries, pathology, TMJ, systemic disease indicators, and guidelines for dentists. Systematic PR viewing, with a knowledge of characteristic features of DS, will assist diagnosis of pathology and improve comprehensive dental care treatment planning for children and adults with DS.

Mechanical mastication is a fuels treatment that shreds midstorey trees and shrubs into a compacted woody fuel layer to abate fire hazards in fire-prone ecosystems. Increased surface fuel loading from mastication may, however, lead to undesirable fire intensity, long-duration flaming or smouldering, and undesirable residual tree mortality. Two major questions facing fuels managers are: how long do masticated fuels persist, and how does the composition of masticated fuelbeds change over time? To evaluate these changes, we measured 25 masticated sites with a range of vegetation, species masticated and time since treatment (1-16 years) in the western US. Seven of the 25 sites were sampled nearly a decade earlier, providing a unique opportunity to document fuelbed changes. Woody fuel loading ranged from 12.1 to 91.9 Mg ha(-1) across sites and was negatively related to time since treatment. At remeasured sites, woody fuel loads declined by 20%, with the greatest losses in 1- and 10-h woody fuels (69 and 33% reductions in mass respectively). Reductions were due to declines in number of particles and reduced specific gravity. Mastication treatments that generate greater proportions of smaller-diameter fuels may result in faster decomposition and potentially be more effective at mitigating fire hazard. ; USDAUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [12-1-03-31]; USDI [12-1-03-31] ; An earlier draft of the manuscript benefitted from feedback provided by C. Copenheaver. We are grateful for the helpful comments from the three anonymous reviewers that helped improve this manuscript. This research was supported in part by funds provided by the USDA and the USDI Joint Fire Science Program (Project 12-1-03-31). Assistance with field data collection was provided by G. Hamby, C. Keller and J. Tobia. We appreciate the cooperation of the Sierra, Stanislaus, Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, Shasta-Trinity and Klamath National Forests as well as the Medford Bureau of Land Management office for assistance with selecting study sites and providing information about how treatments were implemented. J. Kane provided logistical support and numerous conversations through project development from which this study benefited. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Mastication of shrubs and small trees to reduce fire hazard has become a widespread management practice, yet many aspects of the fire behaviour of these unique woody fuelbeds remain poorly understood. To examine the effects of fuelbed aging on fire behaviour, we conducted laboratory burns with masticated Arctostaphylos spp. and Ceanothus spp. woody debris that ranged from 2 to 16 years since treatment. Masticated fuels that were 10 years or older burned with 18 to 29% shorter flame heights and 19% lower fireline intensities compared with the younger fuelbeds across three different fuel loads (25, 50 and 75 Mg ha(-1)). Older fuelbeds smouldered for almost 50% longer than the younger masticated fuelbeds. Fuel consumption was 96% in the two higher fuel load categories regardless of fuelbed age, whereas consumption was 77% in the lighter fuel load. Fire intensity in masticated fuels may decrease over time owing to particle degradation, but in dry environments where decomposition is slow, combustion of the remaining fuels may still pose risks for tree mortality and smoke production associated with protracted smouldering. ; Joint Fire Science Program [JFSP 12-1-03-31]; Brazilian Science Without Borders program ; We acknowledge funding from the Joint Fire Science Program under project JFSP 12-1-03-31. Experiments were conducted at the Humboldt State University's Wildland Fire Laboratory. We thank the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management for allowing access to masticated sites from which fuel was collected. G. Hamby, J. Tobia and C. Keller collected fuels. Laboratory assistance was provided by M. Dos Santos and E. Oliverio who were supported by the Brazilian Science Without Borders program. S. Chen provided helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, and we thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee