Examination of three frozen bodies, a 13-y-old girl and a girl and boy aged 4 to 5 y, separately entombed near the Andean summit of Volcán Llullaillaco, Argentina, sheds new light on human sacrifice as a central part of the Imperial Inca capacocha rite, described by chroniclers writing after the Spanish conquest. The high-resolution diachronic data presented here, obtained directly from scalp hair, implies escalating coca and alcohol ingestion in the lead-up to death. These data, combined with archaeological and radiological evidence, deepen our understanding of the circumstances and context of final placement on the mountain top. We argue that the individuals were treated differently according to their age, status, and ritual role. Finally, we relate our findings to questions of consent, coercion, and/or compliance, and the controversial issues of ideological justification and strategies of social control and political legitimation pursued by the expansionist Inca state before European contact.
The exact timing, route, and process of the initial peopling of the Americas remains uncertain despite much research. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of humans as far as southern Chile by 14.6 thousand years ago (ka), shortly after the Pleistocene ice sheets blocking access from eastern Beringia began to retreat. Genetic estimates of the timing and route of entry have been constrained by the lack of suitable calibration points and low genetic diversity of Native Americans. We sequenced 92wholemitochondrial genomes from pre-Columbian South American skeletons dating from 8.6 to 0.5 ka, allowing a detailed, temporally calibrated reconstruction of the peopling of the Americas in a Bayesian coalescent analysis. The data suggest that a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16.0 ka, following previous isolation in eastern Beringia for ∼2.4 to 9 thousand years after separation from eastern Siberian populations. Following a rapid movement throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a marked phylogeographic structure of populations, which persisted through time. All of the ancient mitochondrial lineages detected in this study were absent from modern data sets, suggesting a high extinction rate. To investigate this further, we applied a novel principal components multiple logistic regression test to Bayesian serial coalescent simulations. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages. ; Fil: Llamas, Bastien. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Fehren Schmitz, Lars. University of California; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Valverde, Guido. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Soubrier, Julien. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Mallick, Swapan. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Rohland, Nadin. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Nordenfelt, Susanne. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Valdiosera, Cristina. La Trobe University; Australia ; Fil: Richards, Stephen M. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Rohrlach, Adam. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Barreto Romero, Maria Inés. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Flores Espinoza, Isabel. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Tomasto Cagigao, Elsa. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú ; Fil: Watson Jiménez, Lucía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú. Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas del Museo de Sitio de Ancón; Perú ; Fil: Makowski, Krzysztof. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú ; Fil: Leboreiro Reyna, Ilán Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia, Mexico; México ; Fil: Mansilla Lory, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia, Mexico; México ; Fil: Ballivián Torrez, Julio Alejandro. Unidad de Arqueología y Museos; Bolivia ; Fil: Rivera, Mario A. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile ; Fil: Burger, Richard L. Harvard University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ceruti, Maria Constanza. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Reinhard, Johan. National Geographic Society; Fil: Wells, R. Spencer. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos. National Geographic Society; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Santoro Vargas, Calogero Mauricio. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile ; Fil: Standen, Vivien G. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile ; Fil: Smith, Colin. La Trobe University; Australia ; Fil: Reich, David. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ho, Simon Y. W. The University Of Sydney; Australia ; Fil: Cooper, Alan. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Haak, Wolfgang. University of Adelaide; Australia
