Suchergebnisse

A considerable part of legal professionals' time is spent researching and analyzing legislation, both in force and to be approved, court decisions, new trends in law, among others. Tasks such as these are a never-ending process, as Portuguese laws and European directives and regulations, as well as new court decisions and interpretations of the law are issued daily and leave less time for other tasks such as drafting contracts and court briefs and petitions, evaluating a client's legal situation or even obtaining new clients. As such, in the wake of artificial intelligence developments, there is room for a technological solution to assist in all legal research and analysis tasks. Instead of researching each information required through long public (or private) databases, ProLaw technology will provide real-time inputs as someone is writing a legal document. Another goal is that legal professionals redirect a part of the time saved by applying the software in pro bono cases, which could involve litigation or general legal assistance. The main goal of this business plan is to take advantage of two market gaps, one in the legal industry and the other one in social service, by providing a uniform solution. This will allow two completely separated environments to unite by exchanging assistance, knowledge, experiences and, potentially, enabling young and less resourceful generations to reach higher levels of knowledge and wealth. ; Uma parte considerável do tempo dos profissionais jurídicos é investido na pesquisa de legislação, em vigor ou por aprovar, de acórdãos, novas tendências jurídicas, entre outros. Estas tarefas são um processo interminável, dado que as leis portuguesas e as diretivas e regulamentos europeus, bem como os acórdãos e interpretações da lei, são publicados diariamente, reduzindo o tempo que estes profissionais têm para outras tarefas, como a elaboração de contratos ou peças processuais, a avaliação da situação jurídica dos seus clientes ou até mesmo a angariação de clientes. Como tal, considerando a evolução da inteligência artificial, há espaço para uma solução tecnológica para auxiliar em todas as tarefas de pesquisa e análise. Em vez de pesquisar cada informação pretendida através de longas bases de dados públicas (ou privadas), a tecnologia ProLaw providenciará dados em tempo real, enquanto o profissional redige os seus documentos jurídicos. Concomitantemente, estes profissionais poderão redirecionar parte do tempo que pouparem através do uso do software em casos pro bono, tanto respeitantes a contencioso como a assistência jurídica em geral. O principal objetivo deste plano de negócios é explorar duas falhas do mercado, uma na indústria jurídica e outra na assistência social, fornecendo uma solução uniforme. Isto permitirá que dois meios completamente separados se unam, trocando assistência, conhecimento, experiências e, potencialmente, possibilitando que gerações mais jovens e com menos recursos alcancem níveis mais elevados de conhecimento e prosperidade.

O advento das Ciências da Informação veio inegavelmente estabelecer os pródromos de uma nova técnica que se expande e aperfeiçoa a cada momento, propiciando a adoção de métodos e sistemas tendentes a valorizar a comunicação nos seus diversos e infindáveis meandros. No campo da análise documental, poder-se-ia dizer que na atualidade, um novo instrumento de apreciação do comportamento das massas começa a ser descoberto: a valorização do pronunciamento individual nas mensagens grafadas, que revelam as aspirações de cada pessoa, mas que são quase sempre consentâneas com os desejos coletivos.

Even though throughout the years there has been a growth in the society's mindset concerning environmental and social issues, it is still a field with several gaps and which severely lacks legislation. Several studies have already showed that by increasing legislation, there may be an increase on the amount of the companies' environmental disclosures. Therefore, in order to regulate and increase the environmental disclosures in Europe, the European Union issued a Recommendation for its Member-States which was transposed to Portugal as an accounting standard – DC29 (Environmental Matters) - which should've been followed by the companies. The purpose of this research was to analyse how the environmental reporting practices have evolved in the Portuguese Public Transports sector, and whether it was influenced, or not, by the issuing of the DC29 Accounting Standard (And from 2010 onwards, the NCRF26). The public transports sector is currently one of the most pollutant sectors of the European Union. This thesis was based on content analysis of the Annual Accounts and Sustainability Reports of four of the biggest companies of the Portuguese Public Transports sector. Findings seemed to indicate that, even though the companies are not disclosing accordingly to the standard, the quantity of disclosure did increase, and the quality also evolved into more comparable, and more objective information. ; Apesar de ao longo dos últimos anos ter existido uma clara mudança de pensamento relacionada com aspectos ambientais e sociais, este é ainda um tema com várias falhas, sendo de realçar a falta de legislação. Vários estudos académicos mostraram uma relação entre o aumento da legislação existente e o da divulgação ambiental das empresas. Assim, de modo a regular e aumentar a divulgação ambiental na Europa, a União Europeia emitiu uma recomendação para os seus Estados-membros que foi transposta para Portugal na forma de Directriz Contabilística (DC 29 - Matérias Ambientais), que deveria ter sido seguida pelas empresas nas suas Demonstrações Financeiras. O objectivo desta tese é o de analisar o desenvolvimento das práticas de divulgação ambiental no sector dos transportes públicos, e se este foi ou não, influenciado pela publicação da DC 29, sendo que este é, neste momento, um dos sectores mais poluentes da União Europeia. Esta tese foi elaborada com base na análise de conteúdo dos Relatórios Anuais, de Contas e de Sustentabilidade, de quatro das maiores empresas portuguesas de Transportes Públicos. Os resultados revelaram que, apesar de as empresas não estarem a divulgar as suas matérias ambientais de acordo com o que está explícito na DC 29 (e a partir de 2010 na NCRF 26), a quantidade da divulgação de facto aumentou, a sua qualidade evoluiu positivamente e as partes interessadas passaram a ter acesso a uma informação mais comparável e mais objectiva.

Discusses two kinds of question: (a) problems which Brazilian society experiences in striving to consolidate a democratic political order, and which to some extent are problems shared with other Third World nations; and (b) universal dilemmas which confront democracy in the relationships between politics and bureaucracy. (PFB)

Proposes an overview of the agrarian question, inaugurated a century ago. Divides the era into 3 periods: the old republic (1889-1930); from the 1930 revolution to the 1964 military takeover; and the military regime. Return to a civilian regime brought reform to the forefront but opposition remained strong enough to thwart effective action. (SJK)

The operationalization of the Population and Housing Census in Portugal is managed by a hierarchical structure in which Statistics Portugal is at the top and local government institutions at the bottom. When the Census takes place every ten years, local governments are asked to collaborate with Statistics Portugal in the execution and monitoring of the fieldwork operations at the local level. During the Pilot Test stage of the 2011 Census, local governments were asked for additional collaboration: to answer the Perception of Risk survey, whose aim was to gather information to design a quality assurance instrument that could be used to monitor the Census operations. The response rate of the survey was desired to be 100%, however, by the deadline of data collection nearly a quarter of local governments had not responded to the survey and thus a decision was made to make a follow up mailing. In this paper, we examine whether the same conclusions could have been reached from survey without follow ups as with them and evaluate the influence of follow ups on the conception of the quality assurance instrument. Comparison of responses on a set of perception variables revealed that local governments answering previous or after the follow up did not differ. However the configuration of the quality assurance instrument changed when including follow up responses. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Ao coincidir estar em trabalho de campo justamente em período de maior emergência mundial do COVID-19, descrevo desde minha perspectiva – de mestranda em antropologia branca hospedada na casa de uma maman boni - a vivencia da pandemia na cidade de Papaichton. Compartilho algumas informações e reflexões iniciais. O grupo étnico boni se originou através da fuga e rebelião de pessoas negras escravizadas contra o sistema escravagista e o poder colonial. Como toda situação considerada de crise a pandemia escancara precariedades previamente existentes. Na Guiana Francesa, departamento ultramarino francês, o Estado busca remediar um subinvestimento na área da saúde e fazer suas medidas de prevenção valerem por meio de vigilância e punição. Medidas que não dialogam com as realidades dos povos da região do rio Maroni, como os boni.

This work turns the social resilience concept into a practical and tangible set of dimensions and indicators for social resilience assessment. It further provides an analysis of the social resilience concept in the context of flood risk governance. Floods are a worldwide recurring phenomenon that causes severe social, economic and environmental losses. In the context of global change, it is very difficult to accurately predict extreme events that may increase disaster frequency; hence the implementation of social resilience is essential to lessen the losses. Indeed, the right balance between natural and social factors and indicators is yet to be found. Social resilience has been debated extensively for decades, both in scientific and political contexts. It has been a concern in disaster risk reduction and risk governance fields, both of which have strived to implement it. The enlarged conceptual discussion regarding this topic has resulted in some indicator-based assessments that hardly reflect the conceptual discussion developed so far. These indicator-based approaches still lack accurate inclusion of social dynamics and the capacity to learn from experience. In order to contribute to a comprehensive approach (concept and methods) for assessing social resilience to floods, the evolutionary resilience concept (Davoudi, Simin; Shaw, Keith; Haider, L. Jamila; Quilnlan, Allyson E; Petterson, Garry D.; Wilkinson, Cathy; Fünfgeld, Hartmut; McEvoy, Darryn; Porter, 2012) was considered as a reference in this work, as it can include dimensions that are difficult to evaluate (non-static time and learning-capacity in multi-dimensional systems). This work addresses the challenge of a conceptual overview of social resilience to include key factors and indicators. Our methodology uses text mining, experts' surveys and bibliography reviews to generate an indicators database. The contribution of this article to the scientific debate on social resilience assessment is twofold. First, the key-concepts, words and expressions in ...

Twelve multiparous 7/8 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows were fed diets based on chopped sugarcane supplied in natura (control) or after being hydrolyzed (fresh matter basis) for 24 h with 0.5%, 1% or 2% calcium oxide (CaO). The voluntary consumption and digestibility of dietary nutrients, milk production and composition, and feeding behavior of cows were evaluated. A switchback design with three periods, four treatments and three blocks was used. The linear and quadratic effects of the treatments were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts, and the effects were considered significant when P ? 0.05. Compared to the that in the control treatment, the Ca concentration increased by 297%, 570% and 1,083% in the diets including sugarcane hydrolyzed with 0.5%, 1% and 2% CaO, respectively, while the respective Ca:P ratios were 6.58:1, 10.70:1 and 19.77:1 (control Ca:P ratio: 1.55:1). The hydrolysis of sugarcane with increasing amounts of CaO promoted a linear reduction (P < 0.01) in the intake of dry matter (DM), nonfibrous carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and ether extract. The intake of total digestible nutrients, acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose presented quadratic behavior (P < 0.01) in response to increasing CaO concentrations used for sugarcane hydrolysis. Increases in the amount of CaO used for sugarcane hydrolysis had no effect on the digestibility of NDFap (P > 0.05), but there were linear reductions (P < 0.05) in the digestibility of DM, OM and ADF; the production of milk corrected or not corrected to 4% fat; and the content of protein, lactose and total solids. Linear reductions (P < 0.05) were also observed in the production of all milk components. Only the milk fat content was not altered (P > 0.05) in response to the inclusion of hydrolyzed sugarcane in the diets. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of sugarcane hydrolysis with increasing amounts of CaO on the time the cows spent idle, ruminating and feeding, but there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the minutes spent ruminating 1 kg of DM and NDF. Chopped sugarcane hydrolyzed for 24 h with 0.5% to 2.0% CaO should not be used as exclusive roughage in diets for Holstein x Gyr dairy cows with an average milk production of 10 kg day?1.

Nine non-lactating Holstein x Gyr cattle were fed with rations based on chopped sugarcane supplied in natura (control) or hydrolyzed (fresh matter basis) for 24 h with 1% or 2% calcium oxide (CaO), which corresponds to 3.1% or 6.2% CaO on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Ruminal parameters (pH and ammonia N, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations) as well as the kinetics of fluid and particulate passage in the gastrointestinal tract from cattle were evaluated. A design using three 3 x 3 contemporaneous Latin Squares (LS) was adopted. The studies of kinetics of fluid and particulate passage were performed using the external markers cobalt-EDTA and chromium-mordanted-NDF, respectively. The ruminal parameters were analyzed according to a 3 x 3 LS replicated three times with repeated measures in time using mixed models that included the fixed effects of treatment (level of CaO), time of sampling and their interaction and the following random effects: LS, animal(LS), period of LS and period*animal (LS). The kinetic parameters of fluid and particulate passage were analyzed using mixed models with treatment as a fixed effect and period of LS, animal(LS) and LS as random effects. The linear and quadratic effects of the treatments were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. Significant differences were declared at P ? 0.05. No treatment*time interaction was observed (P > 0.05) for any ruminal parameter. A linear effect (P = 0.0279) of CaO inclusion on ruminal pH was observed, but there were no effects (P > 0.05) of the treatments on the ammonia N, acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid ruminal concentrations. There was a quadratic effect (P = 0.05) of the addition of CaO on the ruminal propionate concentration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the treatments on the particulate rate of passage in the rumen as well as on the mean retention time in this compartment and in the total gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, the addition of CaO to sugarcane promoted a linear increase (P = 0.0258) in the particulate post-ruminal passage rate and, consequently, a linear reduction (P = 0.0363) of the mean retention time in the cecum-proximal colon. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the sugarcane hydrolysis with CaO on the ruminal parameters of the kinetics of fluid passage (dilution rate, retention time and turnover rate). The addition of 3.1% or 6.2% CaO on a DM basis (1% or 2% CaO on a fresh matter basis, respectively) of sugarcane does not improve ruminal fermentation, nor does it increase the fluid or particulate passage in the rumen of non-lactating Holstein x Gyr cattle.

Abstract. The water balance of the mesocenozoic aquifers of the Algarve, in the south of Portugal has traditionally been estimated considering only direct ("autogenic") recharge from rainfall occurring in the area of the aquifers. Little importance has been attributed to so-called allogenic recharge, originating from streambed infiltration from runoff generated outside the aquifers, particularly in the Palaeozoic rocks to the north where runoff is high. The Querença-Silves (QS) aquifer is the most important aquifer of the region both for irrigation and public water supply. Several important and sensitive surface/groundwater ecotones and associated groundwater dependent ecosystems exist at the springs of the natural discharge areas of the aquifer system. A numerical flow model has been in constant development over the last few years and currently is able to reproduce the aquifer's responses to estimated direct recharge and abstraction for the years 2001–2010. However, recharge calculations for the model do not take into account allogenic recharge infiltration along influent reaches of streams. The quantification of allogenic recharge may further improve the assessment of water availability and exploitation risks. In this paper an attempt is made to quantify the average annual contribution of allogenic recharge to the QS aquifer, based on monitoring data of the principal water courses that cross the aquifer system. Significant uncertainties related to surface runoff generated within the aquifer area, as well as areal recharge were identified and the consequences for the optimization of spatial distribution of transmissivity in the groundwater flow model are also addressed.

Abstract. This work defines a national flood susceptibility index for the Portuguese continental territory, by proposing the aggregation of different variables which represent natural conditions for permeability, runoff and accumulation. This index is part of the national vulnerability index developed in the scope of Flood Maps in Climate Change Scenarios (CIRAC) project, supported by the Portuguese Association of Insurers (APS). This approach expands on previous works by trying to bridge the gap between different flood mechanisms (e.g. progressive and flash floods) occurring at different spatial scales in the Portuguese territory through (a) selecting homogeneously processed data sets and (b) aggregating their values to better translate the spatially continuous and cumulative influence in floods at multiple spatial scales. Results show a good ability to capture, in the higher susceptibility classes, different flood types: fluvial floods and flash floods. Lower values are usually related to mountainous areas, low water accumulation potential and more permeable soils. Validation with independent flood data sets confirmed these index characteristics, although some overestimation can be seen in the southern region of Alentejo where, due to a dense hydrographic network and an overall low slope, floods are not as frequent as a result of lower precipitation mean values. Future work will focus on (i) including extreme precipitation data sets to represent the triggering factor, (ii) improving representation of smaller and stepper basins, (iii) optimizing variable weight definition process and (iii) developing more robust independent flood validation data sets.

Abstract. A general methodology for the probabilistic evaluation of landslide hazard is applied, taking in account both the landslide susceptibility and the instability triggering factors, mainly rainfall. The method is applied in the Fanhões-Trancão test site (north of Lisbon, Portugal) where 100 shallow translational slides were mapped and integrated into a GIS database. For the landslide susceptibility assessment it is assumed that future landslides can be predicted by statistical relationships between past landslides and the spatial data set of the predisposing factors (slope angle, slope aspect, transversal slope profile, lithology, superficial deposits, geomorphology, and land use). Susceptibility is evaluated using algorithms based on statistical/probabilistic analysis (Bayesian model) over unique-condition terrain units in a raster basis. The landslide susceptibility map is prepared by sorting all pixels according to the pixel susceptibility value in descending order. In order to validate the results of the susceptibility ana- lysis, the landslide data set is divided in two parts, using a temporal criterion. The first subset is used for obtaining a prediction image and the second subset is compared with the prediction results for validation. The obtained prediction-rate curve is used for the quantitative interpretation of the initial susceptibility map. Landslides in the study area are triggered by rainfall. The integration of triggering information in hazard assessment includes (i) the definition of thresholds of rainfall (quantity-duration) responsible for past landslide events; (ii) the calculation of the relevant return periods; (iii) the assumption that the same rainfall patterns (quantity/duration) which produced slope instability in the past will produce the same effects in the future (i.e. same types of landslides and same total affected area). The landslide hazard is present as the probability of each pixel to be affected by a slope movement, and results from the coupling between the susceptibility map, the prediction-rate curve, and the return periods of critical rainfall events, on a scenario basis. Using this methodology, different hazard scenarios were assessed, corresponding to different rain paths with different return periods.