Suchergebnisse

The implementation of the "Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997", CHED Memorandum Order No. 20, and "Public Higher Education Reform Framework" granted state universities and colleges (SUCs) the right to corporatize and manage their own incomes. Given these laws and rules, an assessment/review on the income collection and utilization of SUCs has become mandatory. This study aims to review the specific sources of internally generated incomes (IGI) of SUCs and analyze how these incomes are allocated and utilized. It also evaluates the shares of the national government subsidy and IGI in terms of collection and usage. The study is intended to provide some guidance on how to increase SUCs` IGI and ensure that the utilization of the same is focused on their instruction, research and extension activities in a manner that is complementary with the regular subsidy provided to SUCs by the national government. The study, however, does not cover an issue, which is just as important, if not more so, on the accuracy and integrity of the SUCs` Financial Accountability Reports (as submitted to the DBM).

The top 12 development journals published a total of 18,329 papers during the period 2000.2020. Out of these, just 51 focused on sanitation and related issues, which are the focus of this review. Results were mixed on the efficiency of sanitation delivery since political factors and administrative characteristics vary across locations. Accountability and leadership, especially at the local level, appear to be important driving forces. There is a need for more case studies that analyze what works, and what does not, in specific locations. Also, further studies will have to investigate how to influence the norms, traditions, and beliefs towards favorably supporting household sanitation decisions. Additionally, governments should enhance their social welfare programs to address socioeconomic inequalities (i.e., income, gender, and rural-urban disparities), which also critically affect individual and household sanitation investments. Efforts at national and international levels are needed to encourage research on the various dimensions of sanitation.