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This Handbook examines the diverse ways in which climate change impacts Indigenous Peoples and local communities and considers their response to these changes.

While there is well-established evidence that the climate of the Earth is changing, the scarcity of instrumental data oftentimes challenges scientists' ability to detect such impacts in remote and marginalized areas of the world or in areas with scarce data. Bridging this gap, this Handbook draws on field research among Indigenous Peoples and local communities distributed across different climatic zones and relying on different livelihood activities, to analyse their reports of and responses to climate change impacts. It includes contributions from a range of authors from different nationalities, disciplinary backgrounds, and positionalities, thus reflecting the diversity of approaches in the field. The Handbook is organised in two parts: Part I examines the diverse ways in which climate change – alone or in interaction with other drivers of environmental change – affects Indigenous Peoples and local communities; Part II examines how Indigenous Peoples and local communities are locally adapting their responses to these impacts. Overall, this book highlights Indigenous and local knowledge systems as an untapped resource which will be vital in deepening our understanding of the effects of climate change.

The Routledge Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities will be an essential reference text for students and scholars of climate change, anthropology, environmental studies, ethnobiology, and Indigenous studies.

Understanding climate change impacts on Indigenous Peoples and local communities. A global perspective from local studies / Victoria Reyes-García, Santiago Álvarez-Fernández, Petra Benyei, Laura Calvet-Mir, Mouna Chambon, David García-Del-Amo, André B., Junqueira, Xiaoyue Li, Vincent Porcher, Anna Porcuna-Ferrer, Anna Schlingmann, Ramin Soleymani, Adrien Tofighi-Niaki -- Introduction / David García-Del-Amo, André B. Junquiera -- Correspondence between local and scientific knowledge of climate change: the case of Hutsuls, Northern Romanian Carpathians / Giulia Mattalia, Nataliya Stryamets, Virginia Toscano Rivalta, Victoria Reyes-García -- Local observations of climate change and impacts on livelihoods in Kamchatka, Russia / Drew Gerkey, Victoria Sharakhmatova -- Sargassum seaweed challenges from local to national level in the Caribbean: a policy cycle perspective / Patrick McConney, Janice Cumberbatch, Carina Hinds, Hazel A. Oxenford, Marina Pena -- "The weather is more erratic; it changes faster..." Local perceptions of climate change in the Eastern Carpathians, Romania / Dániel Babai -- Network analysis of climate change impacts reported by local communities of Sierra Nevada, Spain / David Garcia-del-Amo, Laura Calvet-Mir, Graham Mortyn, Victoria ReyesGarcia -- Climate and environmental change perceptions. A case from rural Sicily, Italy / Vincenza Ferrara, Johan Lindberg -- Smallholders perceptions of climate change in a post-socialist Albania / Simona Lippi, Massimiliano Sanfilippo -- Local perceptions of climate change in the context of socioeconomic and political changes in a High Andean community from the Argentine Puna / Andrea E. Izquierdo, Anna Schlingmann -- Settlement, way of life, and worldviews: how socio-environmental changes impact and are interpreted by artisanal fishing communities in Portugal / Yorgos Stratoudakis, Patrícia Gonçalves, Daniel Oliveira, Mônica Mesquita -- A complex matrix: Perceptions of environmental change and its drivers by the Tsimane', Bolivian Amazon / Victoria Reyes-Garcia, Petra Benyei, André B. Junqueira, Tomas Huanca, Esther Conde -- "Not like it used to be": contending with the altered agricultural calendar in Andean Peru's Colca Valley / Eric Hirsch -- The colonial roots of climate vulnerability. Analysing the case of the MapuchePehuenche People in Southern Chile / Rosario Carmona -- Adapting to climate change impacts in the context of global change: Introduction / Anna Schlingmann, Laura Calvet-Mir, Xiaoyue Li -- Agricultural adaptation to multiple stressors in a climate change context. A case study in south-eastern Senegal / Anna Porcuna-Ferrer, Théo Guillerminet, Benjamin Klappoth, Anna Schlingmann -- Changing terrain: evidence of climate change impacts and adaptive responses of Dagbani Indigenous communities, northern Ghana / Emmanuel M.N.A.N. Attoh, Ruddy Afriyie, Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic, Enoch Bessah, Fulco Ludwig -- Climate change impacts on agriculture and barriers to adaptation technologies among rural farmers in Southwestern Nigeria / Ayansina Ayanlade, Isaac Ayo Oluwatimilehin, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade -- Climate change impacts on agriculture, adaptation and resilience: Insights from local farmers in Chiredzi, South-East Zimbabwe / Rumbidzayi Chakauya, Simeon A. Materechera, Obert Jiri, Ereck Chakauya, Machete Machete -- Counteracting land abandonment: local adaptation strategies to climate change impacts of alpine farmers in Eastern Tyrol, Austria / Anna Fuchs, Christian R. Vogl, Christoph Schunko -- Social and cultural dimensions of reported climate change impacts and adaptations among farming communities in Kerman, Iran / Mariam Abazeri -- The role of culture in climate change adaptation: insights from two mountain regions in Kenya / Ben Mwangi, Lydia A. Olaka, Noelia Zafra-Calvo, Julia A. Klein, Aida Cunisanchez -- Roads, riding stables, and highland barley: livelihood diversification as climate change adaptation among Tibetans in Shangri-La, China / Zhuo Chen -- Faith, reciprocity, and balance: Inner Mongolian Ovoo offering ritual and its contribution to climate change adaptation / Ouerle Chao, Xiaoyue Li, Victoria Reyes-García -- Local indicators, adaptation actions, and resilience efforts for a warming climate in North Greenland / Leneisja Jungsberg, Nicola Wendt-Lucas -- How can co-management support adaptation to climate change? The case of coexisting fisheries from Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada / Eranga Galappaththi -- Climate change adaptation in Fiji: Local adaptation strategies to enhance national policy / Priyatma Singh, Daniela Schulman, Dhrishna Charan, Victoria Reyes-García, Anna Schlingmann, Ashneel A. Singh, Kelera Railoa.

This book compiles a collection of case studies analysing drivers of and responses to change amongst contemporary hunter-gatherers. Contemporary hunter-gatherers' livelihoods are examined from perspectives ranging from historical legacy to environmental change, and from changes in national economic, political and legal systems to more broad-scale and universal notions of globalization and acculturation. Far from the commonly held romantic view that hunter-gatherers continue to exist as isolated populations living a traditional lifestyle in harmony with the environment, contemporary hunter-gatherers – like many rural communities around the world - face a number of relatively new ecological and social challenges to which they are pressed to adapt. Contemporary hunter-gatherer societies are increasingly and rapidly being affected by Global Changes, related both to biophysical Earth systems (i.e., changes in climate, biodiversity and natural resources, and water availability), and to social systems (i.e. demographic transitions, sedentarisation, integration into the market economy, and all the socio-cultural change that these and other factors trigger).

This paper examines household adaptive capacity to deal with climatic change among the Tsimane', an indigenous society of the Bolivian Amazon, and explores how exposure to conservation policies and access to markets shape such capacity. We surveyed Tsimane' adults (77 men and 34 women) living in four communities with different accessibility to the regional markets. The four communities were located in indigenous territories, but two of them overlapped with a co-managed biosphere reserve. We compared households' capacity for adaptation through indicators of access to social, financial and natural assets, entrepreneurial skills and human resources. We also assessed how conservation and markets condition such capacity. Our results show that, across communities, households clustered in four groups with differentiated adaptive capacity profiles: commoners typically participating in community meetings, vulnerable characterized by low shares of adaptive capacity indicators, leaders typically holding community positions, and subsidized mostly relying in government remittances. Overlap with the biosphere reserve was significantly associated with the adaptive capacity profile of vulnerable households. In contrast, access to markets does not seem to be related to household adaptive capacity. We discuss relevant behavioral and structural factors for current adaptation to climatic changes and priority measures to foster local adaptive capacity in indigenous territories overlapping with protected areas.

Abstract
Previous research has studied the association between ethnoclimatological knowledge and decision-making in agriculture and pastoral activities but has paid scant attention to how ethnoclimatological knowledge might affect hunting and gathering, an important economic activity for many rural populations. The work presented here tests whether people who can forecast temperature and rain display higher hunting and gathering returns (measured as kilograms per hour for hunting and cash equivalent for gathering). Data were collected among three indigenous, small-scale, subsistence-based societies largely dependent on hunting and gathering for their livelihoods: the Tsimane' (Amazonia, n = 107), the Baka (Congo basin, n = 164), and the Punan Tubu (Borneo, n = 103).The ability to forecast rainfall and temperature varied from one society to another, but the average consistency between people's 1-day rainfall and temperature forecasts and instrumental measurements was low. This study found a statistically significant positive association between consistency in forecasting rain and the probability that a person engaged in hunting. Conversely, neither consistency in forecasting rain nor consistency in forecasting temperature were associated in a statistically significant way with actual returns to hunting or gathering activities. The authors discuss methodological limitations of the approach, suggesting improvements for future work. This study concludes that, other than methodological issues, the lack of strong associations might be partly explained by the fact that an important characteristic of local knowledge systems, including ethnoclimatological knowledge, is that they are widely socialized and shared.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 ; In the development of national governance systems for Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), countries struggle with ensuring that decision-making processes include a variety of actors (i.e., input legitimacy) and represent their diverse views in REDD+ policy documents (i.e., output legitimacy).We examine these two dimensions of legitimacy using Mexico's REDD+ readiness process during a four-year period (2011-2014) as a case study. To identify REDD+ actors and how they participate in decision-making we used a stakeholder analysis; to assess actors' views and the extent to which these views are included in the country's official REDD+ documents we conducted a discourse analysis. We found low level of input legitimacy in so far as that the federal government environment agencies concentrate most decision-making power and key land-use sectors and local people's representatives are absent in decision-making forums. We also observed that the REDD+ discourse held by government agencies and both multilateral and international conservation organisations is dominant in policy documents, while the other two identified discourses, predominantly supported by national and civil society organisations and the academia, are partly, or not at all, reflected in such documents. We argue that Mexico's REDD+ readiness process should become more inclusive, decentralised, and better coordinated to allow for the deliberation and institutionalisation of different actors' ideas in REDD+ design. Our analysis and recommendations are relevant to other countries in the global South embarking on REDD+ design and implementation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Social-Ecological Diversity and Traditional Food Systems: Opportunities from the Biocultural World -- 1. The Food/Medicine/Poison Triangle: Implications for Traditional Ecological Knowledge Systems of Indigenous Peoples of British Columbia, Canada -- 2. Integration into the Market Economy and Dietary Change: An Empirical Study of Dietary Transition in the Amazon -- 3. The Loss of Local Livelihoods and Local Knowledge: Implications for Local Food Systems -- 4. The Seasonal Migration of Thai Berry Pickers in Finland: Non-wood Forest Products for Poverty Alleviation or Source of Imminent Conflict? -- 5. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Biocultural Diversity for Subsistence Livelihoods: A Cross Cultural Study -- 6. Status and Contribution of Non-cultivated Food Plants Used by Dawro People in Loma District, South Ethiopia -- 7. Biocultural Resources and Traditional Food Systems of Nyishi Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh (India): An Empirical Learning on the Role of Mythology and Folklore in Conservation -- 8. New Shoots, Old Roots - the Incorporation of Alien Weeds into Traditional Food Systems -- 9. Edible Fungi in Mesoamerican Lowlands: A Barely Studied Resource -- 10. Menu for Survival: Plants, Architecture, and Stories of the Nisga'a Oolichan Fishery -- 11. Salmon Food Webs: SAANICH First Nation Peoples' Intrinsic Interconnectedness to Salmon Fishing and Conservation on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada -- 12. Tsampa of Ladakh: Adaptation of a Traditional Food at Higher Altitude and Emergent Changes -- 13. Bioculturally Important Indigenous Fruit Tree Mahua (Madhuca spp. -- Sapotaceae): It's' Role in Community -Based Adaptive Management.