Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction : guarding against crime -- 2. The guardians, guardianship and defensible space in residential crime prevention -- 3. Theories related to defensible space and guardianship of residential environments -- 4. Presenting guardianship in action : how local residents guard against crime -- 5. Observing guardianship in action : putting the model of active guardianship to the test -- 6. Environmental predictors of active residential guardianship -- 7. Daytime and nighttime guardianship and property crime : considering the offender's perspective -- 8. Supervision and residents' ability to detect potential offenders -- 9. Decision making by guardians : factors affecting the decision to intervene -- Supplement to chapters 8 and 9 : supervision, intervention and the neighbourhood context -- 10. Conclusions and directions for the future.

This ground-breaking book examines the critical role that citizens play in guarding against crime. By focusing on the ways in which residents are able to capably guard their residential environments from crime, Reynald shows how local residents function (or fail to function) as effective crime controllers. The studies contained herein are aimed at developing our theoretical, empirical and practical understanding of the function of the capable guardian as a critical, yet elusive actor in the crime event model.

The problem of child homicide continues to be of major concern to researchers, policy makers and child welfare advocates everywhere. In particular, there is debate around the fundamental issues of defining and classifying such deaths. Here, a revised typology of child homicide is developed, by way of an update of the categories of fatal assault first delineated in Lawrence (2004). Taking into consideration significant advances in the field over the past decade, the typology is based primarily upon the developmental stages of the child, with the concept of homicide as the extreme manifestation of aggregate violence and maltreatment also central. The problem is further placed into the context of (1) child death research and review, it being argued that child homicide should ideally be studied as a sub-set of the entire cohort of child deaths for a particular jurisdiction, and (2) child maltreatment generally, in that wherever practicable child homicide research should consider fatalities in conjunction with other serious or near-fatal cases of abuse and neglect.

What could be the future of rational choice for crime prevention? / Benoit Leclerc and Danielle M. Reynald -- Does situational crime prevention require a rational offender? / Richard Wortley and Nick Tilley -- Hot criminology or what Homer's Odyssea can teach criminologists about decision making / Jean-Louis van Gelder -- Theorising forensic science : a model for crime prevention / Paul Knepper -- A baseline model of deterrence / Matthew Manning -- Another look at person-situation interaction : what offenders are sensitive to what situational crime prevention measures? / Henk Elffers and Danielle M. Reynald

Violence is defined by the World Health Organisation as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, or psychological harm. But while physical violence is seen as unacceptable, why is psychological violence still treated as a secondary concern? This timely book challenges the way harm and violence in the workplace have been conceptualised, translated into law and presented in organisational and management discourse. The authors argue that addressing psychological violence warrants a fresh approach that acknowledges the limits of current thinking and that centres on protecting the values of ethical practice and the people who contribute to organisations, productivity, and the community. Psychological Violence in the Workplace challenges the status quo and advocates a new approach for understanding and responding to the problem of victimisation at work. This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners in the fields of criminology, victimology, law, human resource management, and workplace health and safety.

The coupling of racial and economic stratification has been found to result in a range of adverse outcomes for youth of color, including disproportionate exposure to violence and victimization. Primary explanations of these patterns, particularly at the micro‐level, have focused on the impact of street culture. In this article, we draw from a multiyear ethnography in Cape Town, South Africa, to offer a theoretical elaboration of the place of culture in contributing to victimization risks among urban minority young men. The study is based on data collected from a sample of 26 young men of color who lived on the Cape Flats between 2003 and 2006. Using grounded theory methods, we suggest the import of unequal access to spatial mobility as a multifaceted means by which culture mediates young men's risks for victimization in disadvantaged communities. We find that transitory mobility—conceptualized as youth's temporary access to cultural spaces outside their segregated residential neighborhoods—is an important source of cultural heterogeneity in townships that can intensify the strength of local social identities and outgroup antipathies directed at those whose mobility is perceived as a cultural threat. Transitorily mobile young men's cultural repertoires are a key facet of street efficacy that can either insulate them from risk or heighten their vulnerabilities. Our findings are suggestive of important sources of variation in young men's victimization outcomes in disadvantaged communities, offering insights about factors that shape risks beyond those linked to the victim–offender overlap in high‐risk settings.

The Space-Time Budget (STB) method is used to collect spatial and temporal features of an individual's activities and is an important technique to explore relationships between the environment and crime. This spatial and temporal approach to the study of everyday activity spaces reveals much about victimisation experiences, the relationship between place, time, and perceptions of safety, and where and when offending may occur. Few studies, however, consider the relationship between living in a criminogenic place (neighbourhood crime) and people's daily activity patterns. Drawing on disaggregate app-based data for 50 participants tracked over a 7-day period, we use sequence analysis to first delineate time allocation to each activity on a minute-by-minute basis. Next, using result from the sequence analysis we introduce the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model to understand how neighbourhood crime and socio-demographic characteristics influence individuals' time allocation to discrete daily activities. Results reveal that neighbourhood drug and violent incidents exert restrictions on an individual's propensity to spend time outside the home. Females and older people appear more likely to be constrained by the presence of neighbourhood crime (in particular drug and property incidents) as they allocate less time to outdoor activities. The principal utility of the current study is its methodological advancement and the practical insights for urban planning regarding the design of crime prevention strategies to increase guardianship in public places.

1. Affect and cognition in criminal decision making : between rational choices and lapses of self-control / Jean-Louis van Gelder. [et al.] -- 2. Affect and the reasoning criminal : past and future / Ronald V. Clarke -- 3. Affect and the dynamic foreground of predatory street crime : desperation, anger and fear / Volkan Topalli and Richard Wright -- 4. Posterior gains and immediate pains : offender emotions before, during and after robberies / Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard. [et al.] -- 5. The role of sexual arousal and perceived consequences in men's and women's decisions to engage in sexually coercive behaviours / Jeff Bouffard -- 6. Sexual arousal and the ability to access sexually aggressive consequences from memory / M. Lyn Exum and Ashley Zachowicz -- 7. Emotional arousal and child sex offending : a situational perspective / Richard Wortley and Stephen Smallbone -- 8. 'I would have been sorry' : anticipated regret and the role of expected emotions in the decision to offend / Amy Sariti Kamerdze, Tom Loughran and Ray Paternoster -- 9. Anticipated emotions and immediate affect in criminal decision making : from shame to anger / Jean-Louis van Gelder, Danielle Reynald and Henk Elffers -- 10. Emotional justifications for unethical behaviour / Shaul Shalvi, Jean-Louis van Gelder and Job van der Schalk -- 11. A neuropsychological test of criminal decision making : regional prefrontal influences in a dual process model / Kyle Treiber -- 12. Traits and states of self-conscious emotions in criminal decision making / Stephen G. Tibbetts.

Research and theorizing on criminal decision making has not kept pace with recent developments in other fields of human decision making. Whereas criminal decision making theory is still largely dominated by cognitive approaches such as rational choice-based models, psychologists, behavioral economists and neuroscientists have found affect (i.e., emotions, moods) and visceral factors such as sexual arousal and drug craving, to play a fundamental role in human decision processes.This book examines alternative approaches to incorporating affect into criminal decision making and testing its influe

Cohen and Felson's (Cohen and Felson American Sociological Review 44(4):588–608, 1979) routine activity theory posits that for a crime to occur three necessary elements must converge in time and space: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardianship. Capable guardians can serve as a key actor in the crime event model; one who can disrupt, either directly or indirectly, the interaction between a motivated offender and a suitable target. This article critically reviews the literature on guardianship for crime prevention. Our specific focus is two-fold: (1) to review the way guardianship has been operationalized and measured, and (2) to review experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations and field tests of guardianship. Research on routine activities has had an uneven focus resulting in the neglect of the guardianship component (Reynald Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11(1):1–20, 2009; Sampson et al. Security Journal 23(1):37–51, 2010; Tewksbury and Mustaine Criminal Justice and Behavior 30(3):302–327, 2003; Wilcox et al. Criminology 45(4):771–803 2007). Evaluations of guardianship-related interventions demonstrate support for the theoretical construct; however, high-quality field tests of guardianship are wholly lacking. Implications for theory and research are discussed.