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Abstract
Napoleon harnessed unlimited enmity to transform wars from limited ones to unlimited ones. Accordingly, Clausewitz developed the Trinity to describe this source of power. However, the increasing destruction due to interstate wars has led to a decrease in this type of conflict. At the same time, there has been an increase in partisan wars. The Trinity cannot explain partisan victories or state defeats. Using social psychology to explain the relationship of the partisan to the group, this research shows how partisans harness unlimited enmity to engage in existential wars. Furthering Clausewitzian philosophy, a new analogy, the singularity, is created to describe this power. Implications and conclusions drawn are at the end of the paper.

In the publisher's blurb George Liska's The Ways of Power is described as 'the culmination of the life's work of one of the most distinguished scholars of international relations'. The same might be said of Turbulence in World Politics, except that I suspect that James Rosenau, still young in mind and spirit at 67, may yet have more to contribute. That two such outstanding scholars could write two such totally contrasting books, in method, in epistemology, in content, in focus (and in style) is a daunting indicator of the continuing lack of an agreed core in the study of international relations. The obvious point should be made at the outset that in so fundamental a contrast a reviewer's own predilections must affect his perception of what he reads, and my own bias towards Rosenau must therefore be explicitly stated.

Why study international relations? Is it simply because, like Everest, they are there? Or is it in order more effectively to empathize with international statesmen? Or is it to seek such a measure of understanding of structures and processes that interventions to change them in desirable ways may have increasing probabilities of success? Garnett most neatly attaches himself to the first of these positions. The contributors to the scholarly Bull and Watson volume (or more exactly, most of the contributors) seem to hold the second view. Kubalkova and Cruickshank, Strange, and Banks have the third objective in mind, although in very different ways, and with varying degrees of explicitness. The choice of objective made by a scholar is determined not merely by his interests and the intellectual and analytical skills of which he has made himself master, but also by his epistemological assumptions. Thus Garnett and Bull would assert that, in contrast with the 'exact' sciences, it is erroneous to suppose that scientific methods can be employed in the study of social questions, and that any attempt so to do and thereby to arrive at advice about action must be mistaken—and dangerous to the extent that it creates expectations about results that are as likely to be falsified as to be confirmed.

Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium is a systematic collection of essays describing how Christian leaders and scholars of the first millennium in the West contributed to law and jurisprudence and used written norms and corrective practices to maintain social order and to guide people from this life into the next. With chapters on topics such as Roman and post-Roman law, church councils, the papacy, and the relationship between royal and ecclesiastical authority, as well as on individual authors such as Lactantius, Ambrosiaster, Augustine, Leo I, Gelasius I, and Gregory the Great, this book invites a more holistic and realistic appreciation of early-medieval contributions to the history of law and jurisprudence for entry-level students and scholars alike. Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium provides a fresh look, from a new perspective, enabling readers to see these familiar authors in a fresh light

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Part I Introduction -- 1. What is International Relations? -- Part II Micro-international Relations -- 2. The Actors -- 3. Foreign Policy as the Pursuit of the National Interest -- 4. Influences on Foreign Policy-making I. The Domestic Environment -- 5. Influences on Foreign Policy-making II. The International Environment -- 6. Means of Achieving Objectives -- 7. The Processes of Policy-making