Suchergebnisse

A la luz de las nuevas escrituras informáticas de la sociedad de la información y a partir de los dos conceptos diferentes de escritura que se encuentran en la Ley de Interpretación de 1978 del Reino Unido y en el art. 1.11 de los Principios Unidroit, así como de la contraposición del derecho italiano entre «scritture» (escritos) y «riproduzioni meccaniche» (reproducciones mecánicas), el trabajo investiga si la representación o reproducción de palabras en forma visible es necesaria para cumplir con los requisitos del derecho privado europeo en cuanto a la forma y la prueba por escrito, o si es suficiente cualquier forma de comunicación que preserve la documentación de la información contenida y sea reproducible en forma tangible. Argumentando la preferencia por la segunda solución, se establece una distinción entre, por un lado, «documentos declarativos» (es decir, los que constituyen el medio para efectuar declaraciones por escrito) y, por el otro, «documentos meramente representativos» (que en cambio no constituyen el medio para efectuar dichas declaraciones), teniendo en cuenta varias normativas vigentes a distinto nivel en el panorama del derecho europeo (y, en particular, ciertas normas del Codice civile, del BGB y del ABGB, del Código Civil español, del Código Civil griego y de la Law of Property inglés, por un lado, y el art. 1, 4.º apartado, lett. a y c, de la Convención Unidroit sobre el Factoring internacional y ciertos artículos y Considerandos de la Directiva 85/577/CEE, de la Directiva 97/7/CE y de la Directiva 2011/83/UE, por el otro).Recibido: 23 mayo 2019Aceptado: 3 julio 2019Publicación en línea: 30 octubre 2019

The leader-follower model of Barro and Sala-i-Martin [1997] is modified by assuming that as the technological distance increases the productivity of R&D (i) in the follower region first increases then falls, and (ii) it falls in the leader region for extreme distance. The model predicts the possible emergence of two stable steady state equilibria. The economy can potentially get stuck in an equilibrium characterized by higher inter-regional inequality and a permanent common long-run growth rate below its potential. Free factors movement exacerbates this problem. Classification JEL : R11, O30, O41, F43

International audience ; Environmental policy affects the distribution of market shares if intermediate goods are differentiated in their pollution intensity. When innovations are environment-friendly, a tax on emissions skews demand towards new goods which are the most productive. In this case, the tax has to increase along a balanced growth path to keep the market shares of goods of different vintages constant. Comparing balanced growth paths, we find that tightening the policy stance spurs innovation, because it increases the market share of recent vintages, and promotes environment-friendly technological progress. As a result the cost of environmental policy in terms of slower growth is weaker.

International audience ; Environmental policy affects the distribution of market shares if intermediate goods are differentiated in their pollution intensity. When innovations are environment-friendly, a tax on emissions skews demand towards new goods which are the most productive. In this case, the tax has to increase along a balanced growth path to keep the market shares of goods of different vintages constant. Comparing balanced growth paths, we find that tightening the policy stance spurs innovation, because it increases the market share of recent vintages, and promotes environment-friendly technological progress. As a result the cost of environmental policy in terms of slower growth is weaker.

International audience ; Environmental policy affects the distribution of market shares if intermediate goods are differentiated in their pollution intensity. When innovations are environment-friendly, a tax on emissions skews demand towards new goods which are the most productive. In this case, the tax has to increase along a balanced growth path to keep the market shares of goods of different vintages constant. Comparing balanced growth paths, we find that tightening the policy stance spurs innovation, because it increases the market share of recent vintages, and promotes environment-friendly technological progress. As a result the cost of environmental policy in terms of slower growth is weaker.

International audience ; Environmental policy affects the distribution of market shares if intermediate goods are differentiated in their pollution intensity. When innovations are environment-friendly, a tax on emissions skews demand towards new goods which are the most productive. In this case, the tax has to increase along a balanced growth path to keep the market shares of goods of different vintages constant. Comparing balanced growth paths, we find that tightening the policy stance spurs innovation, because it increases the market share of recent vintages, and promotes environment-friendly technological progress. As a result the cost of environmental policy in terms of slower growth is weaker.

Economists generally hold that environmental regulations impose constraints on the production possibilities set and are therefore potentially harmful to economic growth. In recent years, however, it has been recognized that environmental regulation can enhance the prospects for growth if improved environmental quality increases the productivity of inputs or the efficiency of the education system. It is also held that environmental regulation promotes pollution abatement activity and can lead to the exploitation of increasing returns to scale in abatement. Furthermore, expectations of a better environment may encourage households to save. Finally, it has been conjectured that environmental regulations can stimulate innovation because R&D s a relatively clean activity and because the market share of clean innovations increases.

Environmental policy affects the distribution of market shares if intermediate goods are differentiated in pollution intensity. When innovations are environmental friendly, a tax on emissions skews demand towards new goods, which are the most productive. In this case along a balanced growth path the tax has to increase to keep the market shares of goods of different vintages constant. An increase in the burden of taxation lowers output on impact but, comparing balanced growth paths, we find that it spurs innovation. Through this channel environmental policy may increase the growth rate of the economy.

The aim of herein work is to develop an automatized algorithm for detecting, as objectively as possible, the flame front evolution of lean/ultra-lean mixtures ignited by low temperature plasma-based ignition systems. The low luminosity characterizing the latter conditions makes both kernel formation and combustion development difficult to detect accurately. Therefore, to estimate the igniter capability to efficiently ignite the mixture, ever more performing tools are required. The present work proposes a new image analysis technique, based on a dual-exposure fusion algorithm and on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to process low brightness images captured via high-speed camera on an optical engine. The performance of the proposed algorithm (PA) is compared to the one of a base reference (BR) algorithm used by the same research group for the imaging analysis. The comparison shows the capability of PA to quantify the flame radius of consecutive combustion cycles with lower dispersion if compared to BR and to correctly detect some events considered as misfires or anomalies by BR. Moreover, the proposed method shows greater capability to detect, in advance, the kernel formation with respect to BR, thus allowing a more detailed analysis of the performance of the igniters. A metric quantitative analysis is carried out, as well, to confirm the above-mentioned results. Therefore, PA results to be more suitable for analyzing ultra-lean combustions, heavily investigated to meet the increasingly stringent legislation on the internal combustion engines. Finally, the proposed algorithm allows us to automatically estimate the flame front evolution, regardless of the user's interpretation of the phenomenon.

We argue that education exerts positive external effects on health, beyond the standard internal effects documented in the literature. We implement an innovative approach to control for endogeneity and omitted variables problems, and present evidence for the significant role played by higher education in explaining longevity across countries. Our findings provide empirical evidence in support of our hypothesis of educational externalities on health.