Suchergebnisse

This work begins with a study of the legislation on prostitution as a first step in providing a general panorama of the phenomenon of prostitution, its structure, and how it is perceived by society.The second section considers the criminological aspects of the phenomenon that emerge from the analysis.In recent years, due to a large flow of immigrants, the phenomenon of prostitution has also been marked by traffic in human beings, minors included, which is constantly increasing internationally. This study examined the territory of the southern part of the Marches Region and the northern part of the Abruzzo Region, under the jurisdiction of the Court of Ascoli Piceno. This article takes into consideration two types of data: information gathered by public and private associations working in the field in the battle against prostitution, and unpublished information gathered directly by the Ascoli Piceno Court on pending or concluded proceedings. The territory of the Marches, which at first was mainly characterized by the phenomenon of street prostitution, has undergone a transformation, becoming an area of underground prostitution, practiced by non-European Union subjects, concentrated above all in coastal areas, in apartments or night clubs. The ethnic groups most involved in offering sex for payment are Nigerians and Romanians, but data has also emerged on Chinese prostitution. Analysis of the data indicates that the phenomenon of prostitution is characterized by a considerable number of people who circulate in the sector, but it does not point to direct involvement of large-scale criminal associations. Management of prostitution is a local phenomenon with important involvement of illegal and legal immigration. On the basis of the data obtained in the field, and gathered from the Ascoli Piceno Court, the number of convictions regarding prostitution is not significant compared to the scale of the phenomenon. ; Lo studio della normativa sulla prostituzione è stato il punto si partenza degli Autori per definire una panoramica del fenomeno prostitutivo, del suo strutturarsi e della percezione da parte della società; successivamente sono stati considerati gli aspetti prettamente criminologici del fenomeno scaturiti dall'analisi. Negli ultimi anni, a causa degli ingenti flussi migratori, si è aggiunto al fenomeno prostitutivo quello rilevante del traffico di esseri umani, anche minorenni, in costante crescita a livello internazionale. Il territorio di analisi del presente lavoro è quello che abbraccia il sud delle Marche e il nord dell'Abruzzo, mentre il Tribunale da cui sono stati acquisiti i dati è quello di Ascoli Piceno. L'articolo prende in considerazione due tipi di dati: quelli raccolti da associazioni pubbliche e private impegnate sul campo nella lotta alla prostituzione, e quelli inediti acquisiti direttamente al Tribunale di Ascoli Piceno, relativi a procedimenti pendenti o conclusi.Il territorio mar chigiano, prima caratterizzato principalmente dal fenomeno della prostituzione in strada, ha subito una trasformazione diventando un'area di prostituzione sommersa, praticata da soggetti extracomunitari, concentrata soprattutto nelle zone costiere, negli appartamenti o nei locali notturni. Le etnie che maggiormente offrono sesso a pagamento sono quella nigeriana e romena, ma è emergente anche il dato della prostituzione cinese. Dall'analisi dei dati si evince che il fenomeno della prostituzione è caratterizzato da un numero considerevole di persone che gravitano nel settore, ma non emerge un coinvolgimento diretto delle grandi associazioni criminose; la gestione può essere qualificata come un fenomeno locale che vede un importante coinvolgimento dell'immigrazione clandestina e non. A fronte dei dati acquisiti sul campo, non vi sono sanzioni parimenti rilevanti; i dati del ribunale di Ascoli Piceno depongono infatti per condanne numericamente poco consistenti rispetto al fenomeno

The imposition of compulsory health treatments has always been a subject of animated legal and bioethical debate. What is at stake are two opposing interests that are in their own way protected by international treaties and constitutional provisions: the right to individual self-determination and the duty to defend and preserve collective safety. The global health crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic has placed the issue of the legitimacy of imposing compulsory vaccination at the center of the multifaceted debate on pandemic health policies. Indonesia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and the Federated States of Micronesia are currently the only four countries in the world where the COVID-19 vaccine is mandatory for all citizens. Italy was the first country in the European Union to introduce this obligation, effective from 8 January 2022 by virtue of the decree-law approved on 5 January 2022, which imposed vaccination compulsory for everyone over the age of 50. Similar paths have been undertaken by Greece and Austria, where the obligation will start respectively on 16 January 2022 (for citizens aged over 60) and 1 February 2022 (for citizens of all ages). However, in many civilized countries, "selective" forms of compulsory vaccination, i.e., aimed at specific categories of individuals, especially healthcare professionals, are already provided for. The present work aims to offer a concise and as much as possible exhaustive overview of the main ethical and legal issues related to compulsory COVID-19 vaccination, with reference to both the Italian and the international context, mainly European.

Abstract

Objectives
Merchant ships represent a peculiar working environment with several challenges and risks. The specific situation on board of ships may affect the mental health of seafarers more remarkably than ashore workers.


Content
A systematic review of the literature has been carried out to identify the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers and the impact that these disorders have on their health. This review has analyzed the scientific literature published between January 2006 and December 2021 using the search engines PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL).


Summary
Social isolation, distance from families, fatigue, stress and long work shifts represent the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers.


Outlook
Strategies aimed at improving conditions of cohabitation on board, and a greater consideration of these problems are key for improving the mental health of workers at sea.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world causing more victims than the latest global epidemics such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. Italy has been one of the most affected countries, and it had to deal with an already weak economic condition and cuts to public health services due to budgetary requirements from the last decade—something that made the situation even more dramatic. Deaths have exceeded 600.000 worldwide. During the emergency, regulatory measures were taken to counter the situation. This study highlights the main anti-COVID-19 government measures to support doctors and healthcare professionals, and it analyzes how to respond to the many requests complaining about neglectful healthcare professionals during the spread of the infection. For all those healthcare workers who died on duty, a compensation plan is assumed through a solidarity fund. The same solution cannot be granted to all patients, given the difficulty in assessing the responsibility of the doctor not only during an emergency but with insufficient instruments to cope with it as well.

Telemedicine allows for the effective delivery of health care to patients at a distance through the application of information technology to the field of medicine. This is optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce interpersonal contact to mitigate contagion. Among the possible Telemedicine applications, there is Telesurgery, which involves more and more surgical specialties thanks to the numerous benefits in quality and cost containment. In the growing field of Telesurgery, its technical and legal implications must be considered. In this study, a traditional review of the scientific literature was carried out to identify the most relevant issues of interest in Telesurgery. The problematic legal aspects identified are mainly related to the difference in legislation between different geographical areas, which is critical in the case of malpractice. In addition, there is the possibility of a malicious hacker attack on the transmitted data stream either to steal sensitive data or to harm the patient. Finally, there are inherent difficulties with the technology used, such as latency issues in data transmission. All these critical issues are currently not adequately addressed by current legislation. Therefore, one can only hope for a legislative action to allow Telesurgery to be used safely.

Background: Telemedicine involves medical practice and information and communications technology. It has been proven to be very effective for remote health care, especially in areas with poor provision of health facilities. However, implementation of these technologies is often hampered by various issues. Among these, ethical and legal concerns are some of the more complex and diverse ones. In this study, an analysis of scientific literature was carried out to identify the ethical and legal challenges of telemedicine. Materials and Methods: English literature, published between 2010 and 2019, was searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by using keywords, including "Telemedicine," "Ethics," "Malpractice," "Telemedicine and Ethics," "Telemedicine and Informed consent," and "telemedicine and malpractice." Different types of articles were analyzed, including research articles, review articles, and qualitative studies. The abstracts were evaluated according to the selection criteria, using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale criteria, and the final analysis led to the inclusion of 22 articles. Discussion: From the aforementioned sample, we analyzed elements that may be indicative of the efficacy of telemedicine in an adequate time frame. Ethical aspects such as informed consent, protection data, confidentiality, physician's malpractice, and liability and telemedicine regulations were considered. Conclusions: Our objective was to highlight the current status and identify what still needs to be implemented in telemedicine with respect to ethical and legal standards. Gaps emerged between current legislation, legislators, service providers, different medical services, and most importantly patient interaction with his/her data and the use of that data.

At the end of 2019, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction was monitoring around 790 new psychoactive substances, more than twice the total number of controlled substances under the United Nations Conventions. These substances, which are not subject to international drug controls, include a wide range of molecules, including the assortment of drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids, stimulants, opiates, and benzodiazepines. Most of them are sold as "legal" substitutes for illicit drugs, while others are intended for small groups willing to experiment with them in order to know their possible new effects. At the national level, various measures have been taken to control new substances and many European countries have responded with specific legislation in favor of consumer safety and by extending or adapting existing drug laws to incorporate the new psychoactive substances. Moreover, since 1997, an early warning system has been created in Europe for identifying and responding quickly to the risks of new psychoactive substances. In order to establish a quicker and more effective system to address the criminal activities associated with new dangerous psychoactive substances, the European legal framework has considerably changed over the years.