Suchergebnisse

El Estado constitucional no puede no ser un Estado democrático. ¿En qué medida, entonces, la actual crisis de la democracia es también una crisis del Estado democrático de Derecho? La respuesta que se sugiere en el presente ensayo constata una de las razones de la crisis actual de la democracia en la adopción general de la forma político-jurídica del Estado constitucional de Derecho caracterizado por una hipertrofia de las modalidades "jurídicas" de gestión de las relaciones sociales y de adopción de las decisiones políticas. La democracia corre el riesgo de encontrarse enjaulada en inmensos y oscuros complejos de disposiciones normativas de todo orden y grado, que impiden la participación de los ciudadanos ordinarios y reservan la cosa pública a la especialización de unos pocos técnicos. ; The constitutional State is necessarily a democratic state. To what extent, then, the current crisis of democracy is also a crisis of the democratic rule of law? The answer suggested in this essay considers as one of the reasons for the current crisis of democracy the general adoption of the political-legal form of the Constitutional State, characterized by a hypertrophy of the "legal" forms of management of the social relations and political decision-making. Democracy runs the risk of being caged in immense and obscure sets of normative dispositions of every order and degree, hindering the participation of ordinary citizens and reserving public affairs to the expertise of a few technicians.

Las palabras que revelan conceptos esenciales y situaciones fundamentales de la teoría y de la práctica jurídica y política no siempre tienen el mismo significado, sino que adquieren significados diferentes con relación a las diversas configuraciones históricas y geográficas de la sociedad civil y de la sociedad política. Lo mismo ocurre con el principio de legalidad y con el concepto de legalidad con este relacionado. En este artículo, queremos esbozar un cuadro del cambio del concepto de legalidad con referencia a la evolución de la forma de Estado –de Estado de derecho a Estado social– y al Estado constitucional. La última metamorfosis de la legalidad parece destacar la pérdida o, por lo menos, una crisis profunda de elementos fundamentales –antes que todo, el elemento de la certeza del derecho– que habían caracterizado la estructura y los ideales del concepto tradicional de legalidad. ; The words expressing essential concepts and fundamental ideas about legal and political theory and practice do not always recur with the same meaning, but they assume a different meaning depending on the different historical and geographical configurations of the civil and political society. The same thing is for the rule of law and for the relative concept of legality. Here, we want to give a hint of how the concept of legality has changed with reference to the evolution of the form of the State, from the legal State to the social State and, finally, to the constitutional State. The last metamorphosis of legality seems to show the loss, or at least, a deep crisis of fundamental elements, first of all the certainty of law, which had marked the structure and the ideals of the traditional concept of legality.

The words expressing essential concepts and fundamental ideas about legal and political theory and practice do not always recur with the same meaning, but they assume a different meaning depending on the different historical and geographical configurations of the civil and political society. The same thing is for the rule of law and for the relative concept of legality. Here, we want to give a hint of how the concept of legality has changed with reference to the evolution of the form of the State, from the legal State to the social State and, finally, to the constitutional State. The last metamorphosis of legality seems to show the loss, or at least, a deep crisis of fundamental elements, first of all the certainty of law, which had marked the structure and the ideals of the traditional concept of legality. ; Las palabras que revelan conceptos esenciales y situaciones fundamentales de la teoría y de la práctica jurídica y política no siempre tienen el mismo significado, sino que adquieren significados diferentes con relación a las diversas configuraciones históricas y geográficas de la sociedad civil y de la sociedad política. Lo mismo ocurre con el principio de legalidad y con el concepto de legalidad con este relacionado. En este artículo, queremos esbozar un cuadro del cambio del concepto de legalidad con referencia a la evolución de la forma de Estado –de Estado de derecho a Estado social– y al Estado constitucional. La última metamorfosis de la legalidad parece destacar la pérdida o, por lo menos, una crisis profunda de elementos fundamentales –antes que todo, el elemento de la certeza del derecho– que habían caracterizado la estructura y los ideales del concepto tradicional de legalidad.

Euro VI emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) introduced for the first time limits for solid particle number (PN) and NH3 emissions. EU regulation also includes a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) based test at type approval, followed by in-service conformity (ISC) testing. A comprehensive study on the real-time on-road emissions of NOx, NH3, N2O and PN from a Euro VI HDV equipped with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Diesel Particle Filter (DPF), a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system and an Ammonia Oxidation Catalyst (AMOX) is presented. Our analyses revealed that up to 85% of the NOx emissions measured during the tests performed are not taken into consideration if the boundary conditions for data exclusion set in the current legislation are applied. Moreover, it was found that the highest NOx emissions were measured during urban operation. Analyses show that a large fraction urban of operation is not considered when 20% power threshold as boundary condition is applied. They also show that cold start emissions account for a large fraction of the total NOx emitted. Low emissions of PN (2.8 × 1010 to 6.5 × 1010 #/kWh) and NH3 (1.0 to 2.2 ppm) were obtained during the on-road tests, suggesting effectiveness of the vehicle's after-treatment (DPF and AMOX). Finally, a comparison between speed-based (as currently defined by Euro VI legislation) and land-use-based (using Geographic Information System (GIS)) calculation of shares of operation was performed. Results suggest that using GIS to categorize the shares of operation could result in different interpretations depending on the criteria adopted for their definition.

The European Metrology Research Programme participating countries and the European Union jointly fund a three year project to address the need of the automotive industry for a metrological sound base for exhaust measurements. The collaborative work on particle emissions involves five European National Metrology Institutes, the Tampere University of Technology, the Joint Research Centre for Energy and Transport and the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research. On one hand, a particle number and size standard for soot particles is aimed for. Eventually this will allow the partners to provide accurate and comparable calibrations of measurement instruments for the type approval of Euro 5b and Euro 6 vehicles. Calibration aerosols of combustion particles, silver and graphite proof partially suitable. Yet, a consensus choice together with instrument manufactures is pending as the aerosol choice considerably affects the number concentration measurement. Furthermore, the consortium issued consistent requirements for novel measuring instruments foreseen to replace today's opacimeters in regulatory periodic emission controls of soot and compared them with European legislative requirements. Four partners are conducting a metrological validation of prototype measurement instruments. The novel instruments base on light scattering, electrical, ionisation chamber and diffusion charging sensors and will be tested at low and high particle concentrations. Results shall allow manufacturers to further improve their instruments to comply with legal requirements.