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Extremism, Radicalization and Security -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Identity and the British Case Study -- 1.3 Globalization and Extremism -- 1.4 Threat and Myth -- 1.5 Questions of Defining "Radical" and "Extreme" -- References -- Section I Identity, Extremism, Radicalization, Terrorism -- 2 Intersections Between Identity and Security -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Identity Theory -- 2.3 Primordialism versus Circumstantialism -- 2.4 History, Myth and Politics -- 2.5 Performing Identity: Hijabs and Beards -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 3 Radicalization, Extremism, Terrorism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conceptual Critiques -- 3.3 State Approaches -- 3.4 Islamism and Islamophobia -- 3.5 Radicalization Models -- 3.6 Policy, Institutional and Bureaucratic Factors -- 3.7 Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 4 Reactive Identity Movements -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Identity Politics -- 4.3 Reactive and Identity Politics in the Postmaterialist Era -- 4.4 Structural Factors -- 4.5 Micro-level and Psychological Perspectives -- 4.6 Case Study: The English Defence League (EDL) -- 4.7 The EDL: Organization and Rhetoric -- 4.8 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Section II State, Society, Narrative, Political Myth -- 5 Political Myth and Discourse Analysis in Security -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Political Myth -- 5.3 Identity and the West -- 5.4 Political Myth and Islam -- 5.5 Political Myth and the "War on Terror" -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 6 Identity and Security Narratives in Contemporary Britain -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Government Strategy and Discourse Analysis -- 6.3 Case Studies -- 6.3.1 Case Study 1: Prime Minister's Speech on "Extremism" -- 6.3.2 Case Study 2: Hizb-ut Tahrir Press Release on David Cameron's Counter-Extremism Strategy

This book considers the application of Identity Theory to contemporary debates on extremism, radicalization and security. Britain is taken as the focus of research, within which a unique comparative study is undertaken of identity politics and narratives across a spectrum of minority and majority-community perspectives. Debates concerning Islamophobia, Far Right extremism and state counter-extremism and counter-terrorism policy are subjected to critical scrutiny. This book will appeal to scholars and interested observers alike of contemporary politics and security in the West, and the critical role played by identity within that picture.

A Guide to National Security offers an analysis of the threats and policy responses facing the UK, presented within the framework of the Government's National Security Strategy and the Strategic Defence and Security Review. It explores the processes and developments which have shaped the transformation of national security over the last three decades, and critically examines the processes of politicisation and securitisation that have delivered the new strategic vision. Presented in three parts, the book has taken one of the key recommendations from the National Security Strategy - collaboratio

On November 25th, 2020, Professor Julian Richards presented Extremist Propaganda and the 'Politics of the Internet' at the 2020 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. The presentation was followed by a question and answer period with other speakers. The key points of discussion focused on the effectiveness of internet use by extremist groups to expand their networks and spread disinformation.

In this paper, I review some of the discussions about the politics of the internet and relate them to our most recent understanding of rapidly evolving Violent Transnational Social Movements (VTSMs). I frame the analysis in terms of the key actors involved in shaping and governing the internet, organised as a triumvirate of citizen, state and internet service provider (ISP). I conclude that the internet may not be as powerful a force in shaping democracy as we may think, although further research and experience of a rapidly evolving situation will be critical. I also suggest that the state has more power to shape the situation to its interests than we might suppose, and this has a major bearing on the formulation of counter-extremism policy and strategy. APA Citation Richards, Julian. (2021). Extremist propaganda and the "politics of the internet." The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(3), 22-33.

Contemporary extremist threats encompass a widening spectrum, whereby long-standing threats are supplemented by the stubborn persistence of historical threats, and by the emergence of new threats and Violent Transnational Social Movements (VTSMs). For security and intelligence agencies, the management challenges posed by the evolving picture are complex and multi-faceted. Probably the most difficult challenge is that of prioritisation and the allocation of resources across the spectrum of investigation. Other challenges include those of recruiting and retaining staff with the right cutting-edge skills, especially in such fields of social media exploitation; and a fundamental definitional question of how to define some of the newly emerging threats, avoiding questions of surveillance crossing over into inappropriate suppression of legitimate dissent in a liberal democracy.

In this paper, I review some of the discussions about the politics of the internet and relate them to our most recent understanding of rapidly evolving Violent Transnational Social Movements (VTSMs). I frame the analysis in terms of the key actors involved in shaping and governing the internet, organised as a triumvirate of citizen, state and internet service provider (ISP). I conclude that the internet may not be as powerful a force in shaping democracy as we may think, although further research and experience of a rapidly evolving situation will be critical. I also suggest that the state has more power to shape the situation to its interests than we might suppose, and this has a major bearing on the formulation of counter-extremism policy and strategy.

From the 2014 referendum in the UK on Scottish independence, a number of political leaders in the West have accused the Russian government of industrial-scale organised disinformation, designed to undermine the democratic process. A number of allegations have also suggested that the Kremlin has been providing financial and other aid to far-right groups in the West to disrupt the political process. In this analysis, the case study of the UK is taken in the period 2014-20. An examination is taken of current research on the scale and effect of organised Russian disinformation strategies; and the emerging official narrative in the UK government about how to deal with the problem. This narrative reveals a complex interplay between defending democracy, while maintaining a "hands-off" approach and ensuring that tech business is welcomed. ; Desde el referéndum de 2014 en el Reino Unido sobre la independencia de Escocia, varios líderes políticos de Occidente han acusado al gobierno ruso de desinformación organizada a escala industrial, diseñada para socavar el proceso democrático. Varias acusaciones también han sugerido que el Kremlin ha estado proporcionando ayuda financiera y de otro tipo a grupos de extrema derecha en Occidente para interrumpir el proceso político. En este análisis, se toma el estudio de caso del Reino Unido en el período 2014-20. Se examina la investigación actual sobre la escala y el efecto de las estrategias organizadas de desinformación rusas; y la narrativa oficial emergente en el gobierno del Reino Unido sobre cómo abordar el problema. Esta narrativa revela una interacción compleja entre defender la democracia, mientras se mantiene un enfoque de "no intervención" y se garantiza que los negocios tecnológicos sean bienvenidos. ; Desde o referendo de 2014 no Reino Unido sobre a independência da Escócia, vários líderes políticos do Ocidente acusaram o governo russo de desinformação organizada em escala industrial, destinada a minar o processo democrático. Uma série de alegações também sugeriu que o Kremlin tem fornecido ajuda financeira e de outra natureza a grupos de extrema direita no Ocidente para interromper o processo político. Nesta análise, o estudo de caso do Reino Unido é realizado no período de 2014-20. Um exame é feito da pesquisa atual sobre a escala e o efeito das estratégias de desinformação russas organizadas; e a narrativa oficial emergente no governo do Reino Unido sobre como lidar com o problema. Essa narrativa revela uma interação complexa entre a defesa da democracia, ao mesmo tempo em que mantém uma abordagem "sem intervenção" e a garantia de que os negócios de tecnologia sejam bem-vindos.

Contemporary extremist threats encompass a widening spectrum, whereby long-standing threats are supplemented by the stubborn persistence of historical threats, and by the emergence of new threats and Violent Transnational Social Movements (VTSMs). For security and intelligence agencies, the management challenges posed by the evolving picture are complex and multi-faceted. Probably the most difficult challenge is that of prioritisation and the allocation of resources across the spectrum of investigation. Other challenges include those of recruiting and retaining staff with the right cutting-edge skills, especially in such fields of social media exploitation; and a fundamental definitional question of how to define some of the newly-emerging threats, avoiding questions of surveillance crossing-over into inappropriate suppression of legitimate dissent in a liberal democracy.