Suchergebnisse

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah kedudukan dan fungsi badan legislatif (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) dalam sistem pemerintahan negara Republik Indonesia menurut Undang-undang Dasar 1945 Setelah Amandemen dan bagaimana upaya meningkatkan kinerja Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat terutama dalam melakukan fungsi legislasi, yang dengan metode penelitian hukum nomatif disimpulkan bahwa 1. Adanya amandemen terhadap UUD 1945, terjadilah perubahan yang signifikan terhadap kedudukan, tugas dan wewenang DPR/DPRD. Kalau sebelum amandemen UUD 1945 kekuasaan membentuk undang-undang berada di tangan Presiden, maka sesudah amandemen UUD 1945 kekuasaan membentuk undang-undang berada di tangan DPR. Amandemen Undang-undang Dasar 1945 menempatkan kekuasaan membentuk undang-undang kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, sedangkan Presiden hanya mengesahkan rancangan undang-undang yang telah dibahas bersama dengan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. 2. Dengan diberikannya kekuasaan membentuk undang-undang kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, maka kedudukan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat baik dari aspek politik maupun yuridis menjadi semakin kuat untuk menjaga sistem check and balances dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Kata kunci: dewan perwakilan rakyat, amandemen

Advanced Internet services increasingly rely on many components to implement their functionality. These composite services have three important features: they are expensive to deploy, components need to be placed intelligently close to the users to improve quality of experience and they will potentially consume significant amounts of bandwidth. This paper presents Triptych, a multi-objective optimisation framework that tries to optimise according these three dimensions to help the three main stakeholders in the Internet ecosystem: users, application providers and network providers. Triptych implements evolutionary computation approaches for this complex problem, which simultaneously optimise service deployment costs, latency-based user utility and network congestion. These algorithms provide possible operating points, bringing important tools for network managements and resource allocation. A large set of simulations under different scenarios are provided to validate the algorithms. ; This work has been supported by the US Army Research Laboratory and the UK Ministry of Defence (agreement number W911NF-16-3-0001) and has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 761699 (5G-MEDIA). ...

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Outbreaks of both BTV and SBV have affected large parts of Europe. The spread of these diseases depends largely on vector distribution and abundance. The aim of this analysis was to identify and quantify major spatial patterns and temporal trends in the distribution and seasonal variation of observed Culicoides abundance in nine countries in Europe. Methods: We gathered existing Culicoides data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. In total, 31, 429 Culicoides trap collections were available from 904 ruminant farms across these countries between 2007 and 2013. Results: The Obsoletus ensemble was distributed widely in Europe and accounted for 83% of all 8, 842, 998 Culicoides specimens in the dataset, with the highest mean monthly abundance recorded in France, Germany and southern Norway. The Pulicaris ensemble accounted for only 12% of the specimens and had a relatively southerly and easterly spatial distribution compared to the Obsoletus ensemble. Culicoides imicola Kieffer was only found in Spain and the southernmost part of France. There was a clear spatial trend in the accumulated annual abundance from southern to northern Europe, with the Obsoletus ensemble steadily increasing from 4000 per year in southern Europe to 500, 000 in Scandinavia. The Pulicaris ensemble showed a very different pattern, with an increase in the accumulated annual abundance from 1600 in Spain, peaking at 41, 000 in northern Germany and then decreasing again toward northern latitudes. For the two species ensembles and C. imicola, the season began between January and April, with later start dates and increasingly shorter vector seasons at more northerly latitudes. Conclusion: We present the first maps of seasonal Culicoides abundance in large parts of Europe covering a gradient from southern Spain to northern Scandinavia. The identified temporal trends and spatial patterns are useful for planning the allocation of resources for international prevention and surveillance programmes in the European Union.