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Mistaken identity has often produced many delightful works in literature starting from the Comedy of Errors by Shakespeare. Alas, the complex world of today does not admit of that luxury. The modern systems developed by governments and businesses all over the world use individual identities for a large number of functions and delivery of services. Every day millions of people sign-up online to carry out a wide range of activities. With each transaction, the user leaves his digital foot-prints which has potential to compromise with specific personal information. Blockchain technology holds a promise to make identities tamper proof, perpetual and auditable. Individuals can create their encrypted digital identities, across education, healthcare, finance, telecommunications, transport, real estate, government services and beyond . ; International Virtual Conference on Blockchain

The book encompasses the physical or paper forms of identity, together with the benefits and pitfalls of Aadhaar - a multimillion biometrics enabled UID project of the Government of India. Taking into account the central, federated and self-sovereign models of digital identity, the self-sovereign model has been explained, in detail, for identification and access management leveraging blockchain technology.

The existing identity management system is neither safe nor dependable. At every point, a citizen is being asked to identify himself through multiple government IDs like Passport, PAN Card, Voter ID, and so on. Sharing multiple IDs leads to privacy concerns and data breaches. The proposed system is a combination of Multipurpose ID and a Smart Cell Phone. The physical ID would be provided to everyone on the day of Census, with a unique 16-digit (20-digit in case of global cards) universal identification number. It would carry an IC to record life-time data of a citizen; comprising all significant endorsements; triply secured by an alpha-numeric password, finger-prints and retinal scan. Consequently, all information of the citizen would be available on one click, that too fully transparent and genuine. Instead of being required to produce a physical form of ID, users could be provided with a digital ID through a personal device, like smartphone [Garg, 2017]. Using the same identification number, the user shall upload all his relevant details and documents (which will be saved in the IPFS or CAS) having hashed address stored in the blockchain. Blockchain offers secure storage of digital identities by providing decentralized, persistent, and immutable framework. It performs the middle and back office functions in a way that the Internet and the Web do to the front office. For data security and ledger consistency, asymmetric cryptography and distributed consensus algorithms can be implemented. The identity management, through blockchain, can allow individuals to have ownership of their identity by creating a national ID to serve multiple purposes. 'One Nation - One Identity' concept will revolutionize digitalization and bring qualitative transformation in the life of every Indian. Besides saving human resources, time, money and administrative complexities, the stack of files and papers in offices would also be reduced to fractional level. The Nation would have a red letter day as the change will shape billion lives ...

India is all set to emerge as a super power in the next decade. The only bottleneck in its progress seems to be corruption, duplicity and illicit activities that tend to corrode the very fabric of democracy. In order to overthrow such challenges that thwart development, a Multipurpose ID card has been proposed to ensure organized change in all spheres of life. ; An All Purpose ID - all set to become an identity of 133.92 crore Indians in the year 2020.

Multipurpose ID is a combination of a Techno Smart Card carrying a twenty-digit universal identification number to record the entire life time data of an individual and a touch screen Smart Cell Phone for electronic surveillance. Both the units can work separately or be united together. Such a unique system would replace all possible documents procured by an individual during his life time. Apart from saving human resources, time, money and administrative complexities, the stack of files and papers in offices would also be reduced to fractional level. No Xerox, no documentation, no verification and no long queues for day-to-day pursuits. Just go for one click and the entire details of an individual would be available, that too fully genuine. If implemented wisely, the Nation would have a red letter day in the history as the change will shape billion lives and bring respite to administrative machinery and public that has crumpled under the red tapism. ; The present innovation has been accepted and documented by National Innovation Foundation - India (Department of Science & Technology, Government of India) ; Appreciated by Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India ; Awarded by Vijnana Bharti, Ministry of Science & Technology, Ministry of Earth Science, Government of India ; Commended by Mr. Narendra Modi, the Honorable Prime Minister of India ; and finally endorsed with Presidential Award by Mr. Ram Nath Kovind, the Honorable President of India. . and with yesterday's proclamation of Union Home Minister to introduce Multipurpose ID Card, the present idea is all set to become a digital identity for 133.92 crore Indians.

In any developing country, one needs to have an infinite number of documents, at each level; some of which call for periodical renewal. To fetch those documents either one stands in long queues or goes online. Here again, every e-site generates and asks for a new ID and password. This is how, instead of making things simple, these documents and online processes make life more confounded and miserable. The government officials are bogged down with applications for Aadhar, Licenses, Samagra-ID, Ration Card, EPIC, Passport, Bank Pass Books, ATMs, Vehicle Registration, Registries, Reports, Certificates and so on. Over and above, verification of these documents, at each level, is another deadly exercise. Till date, not a single system, device or App has been invented, in any part of the world, to save humanity from the drudgery of stacking documents, followed by their photocopies, attestations, and verifications - a never-ending process. The present innovation has been conceived and designed to void this gap. ; Commended by Mr Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India on September 26, 2016 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi IN. Patent pending

Digital ID with Electronic Surveillance System: In any developing country, one needs to have an infinite number of documents, at each level; some of which call for periodical renewal. To fetch those documents either one stands in long queues or goes online. Here again, every e-site generates and asks for a new ID and password. This is how, instead of making things simple, these documents and online processes make life more confounded and miserable. The government officials are bogged down with applications for Aadhar, Licenses, Samagra-ID, Ration Card, EPIC, Passport, Bank Pass Books, ATMs, Vehicle Registration, Registries, Reports, Certificates and so on. Over and above, verification of these documents, at each level, is another deadly exercise. Till date, not a single system, device or App has been invented, in any part of the world, to save humanity from the drudgery of stacking documents, followed by their photocopies, attestations, and verifications - a never-ending process. The present innovation has been conceived and designed to void this gap.

In any developing country, one needs to have an infinite number of documents, at each level; some of which call for periodical renewal. To fetch those documents either one stands in long queues or goes online. Here again, every e-site generates and asks for a new ID and password. This is how, instead of making things simple, these documents and online processes make life more confounded and miserable. The government officials are bogged down with applications for Aadhar, Licenses, Samagra-ID, Ration Card, EPIC, Passport, Bank Pass Books, ATMs, Vehicle Registration, Registries, Reports, Certificates and so on. Over and above, verification of these documents, at each level, is another deadly exercise. Till date, not a single system, device or App has been invented, in any part of the world, to save humanity from the drudgery of stacking documents, followed by their photocopies, attestations, and verifications - a never-ending process. The present innovation has been conceived and designed to void this gap. ; Commended by Mr Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India on September 26, 2016 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi IN. Patent pending

In any developing country, one needs to have an infinite number of documents, at each level; some of which call for periodical renewal. To fetch those documents either one stands in long queues or goes online. Here again, every e-site generates and asks for a new ID and password. This is how, instead of making things simple, these documents and online processes make life more confounded and miserable. The government officials are bogged down with applications for Aadhar, Licenses, Samagra-ID, Ration Card, EPIC, Passport, Bank Pass Books, ATMs, Vehicle Registration, Registries, Reports, Certificates and so on. Over and above, verification of these documents, at each level, is another deadly exercise. Till date, not a single system, device or App has been invented, in any part of the world, to save humanity from the drudgery of stacking documents, followed by their photocopies, attestations, and verifications - a never-ending process. The present innovation has been conceived and designed to void this gap. ; Commended by Mr Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India on September 26, 2016 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi IN

There has been a constant surge of interest on impact of Genetically Modified Food (GM) on humans, so as to compare its harmful effects with a diet without GM foods. Governments, all over the world, are attempting to assess the risks associated with the release of genetically modified organisms and the marketing of genetically modified food. Though there is now broad scientific consensus that GE crops on the market are safe enough to eat, yet some scientists and advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund have concerns that GM food may not be safe enough and that contemporary testing regimes are not adequate to ensure sufficient safety. There is also a widespread sense that social and technological change is speeding up and people feel powerless to affect this change.

The condition of the environment is a worldwide issue. Air, water and soil do not recognize borders; poor soil conditions in one nation may reduce another country's food supply. At the same time, different regions do face different problems. The environmental problems faced by developed nations are largely the result of their economic strength and higher standards of living. Over consumption is cited by many observers as a cause of resource depletion in the First World. Americans consume a disproportionate amount of the planet's resources. The United States is home to 5 percent of the world's population but uses 25 percent of its resources. Overall, the developed world has 23 percent of Earth's population but consumes two-thirds of the resources. A better way to improve the environment is to rely on a country's indigenous values, many people maintain. Some environmentalists believe that the religious traditions of India promote ecologically friendly values, including vegetarianism and a moderate use of resources. Our ancient system was more value based than present economic system.

Mistaken identity has often produced many delightful works in literature starting from the Comedy of Errors by Shakespeare. Alas, the complex world of today does not admit of that luxury. The modern systems developed by governments and businesses all over the world use individual identities for a large number of functions and delivery of services. Every day millions of people sign-up online to carry out a wide range of activities. With each transaction, the user leaves his digital foot-prints which has potential to compromise with specific personal information. Blockchain technology holds a promise to make identities tamper proof, perpetual and auditable. Individuals can create their encrypted digital identities, across education, healthcare, finance, telecommunications, transport, real estate, government services and beyond .

The book encompasses the physical or paper forms of identity, together with the benefits and pitfalls of Aadhaar - a multimillion biometrics enabled UID project of the Government of India. Taking into account the central, federated and self-sovereign models of digital identity, the self-sovereign model has been explained, in detail, for identification and access management leveraging blockchain technology.

Digital ID with Electronic Surveillance System: In any developing country, one needs to have an infinite number of documents, at each level; some of which call for periodical renewal. To fetch those documents either one stands in long queues or goes online. Here again, every e-site generates and asks for a new ID and password. This is how, instead of making things simple, these documents and online processes make life more confounded and miserable. The government officials are bogged down with applications for Aadhar, Licenses, Samagra-ID, Ration Card, EPIC, Passport, Bank Pass Books, ATMs, Vehicle Registration, Registries, Reports, Certificates and so on. Over and above, verification of these documents, at each level, is another deadly exercise. Till date, not a single system, device or App has been invented, in any part of the world, to save humanity from the drudgery of stacking documents, followed by their photocopies, attestations, and verifications - a never-ending process. The present innovation has been conceived and designed to void this gap.

The UID system preserves personally identifiable information (PII) of millions of users on a centralized government database, supported by some legacy software, with numerous SPOF (single points of failures). Such a centralized system, containing PII, acts like a honey pot to hackers. In a country where 2/3rd of the vulnerable citizens, do not have a bank account, but own a smartphone, echoes the possibility of a mobile based digital identity solution. The blockchain technology, by virtue of its key features like decentralization, persistency, anonymity and auditability, emerges as the most promising one amongst all.