The global pandemic caused by the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or known as COVID 19 since the end of 2019 has generated social, economic, political and human havoc in many countries. The previous experience of Asian countries in the management of epidemics and infectious diseases has been key for the establishment of measures that protect citizens against the new disease, however, in Latin America, there are no experiences in the control of diseases similar to that of the disease. COVID 19, which means a major challenge for Latin American countries in managing the consequences generated by this disease. Nicaragua and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have very different social and economic consequences of the pandemic in migratory processes and in the people who establish migratory processes in both. countries. The correct administration of actions to confront the disease and minimize the consequences for the most vulnerable groups is part of the actions that both countries have established as a priority, with migrants being part of them. ; La pandemia mundial causada por la aparición del virus SARS -CoV-2 o conocido como COVID 19 desde finales del 2019 ha generado estragos sociales, económicos, políticos y humanos en muchos países. La experiencia previa de países de Asia en el manejo de epidemias y enfermedades infecciosas ha sido clave para el establecimiento de medidas que protejan a los ciudadanos ante la nueva enfermedad, sin embargo, en América Latina, no existen experiencias en el control de enfermedades similares al COVID 19, lo cual significa un reto mayúsculo para los países latinoamericanos en la administración las consecuencias que genera esta enfermedad. Nicaragua y la República de China (Taiwán) poseen características sociales y económicas muy distintas, sin embargo, ambos países enfrentan retos comunes en el manejo de las consecuencias que genera la pandemia en los procesos migratorios y en las personas que establecen procesos migratorios en los dos países. La correcta administración de las acciones para enfrentar a la enfermedad y minimizar las consecuencias hacia los grupos más vulnerables es parte de las acciones que ambos países se han establecido como prioridad, siendo parte de estos, los migrantes.
The study of borders has had a great boom especially in recent years in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the case of Central America, the borders have been considered as zones of conflict between the countries that share them. Historically, these have not received attention from the State, remaining forgotten and attended only when new border or territorial conflicts appear. In other diverse fields of social and human sciences, the notion of frontier is taken into account in a broader sense and is not systematically translated into the boundaries between states. The term is used to express a separation between cultural groups (linguistic, religious border) and is associated with a confused, imprecise, mobile contact. The border has the ability to directly affect the configuration of the towns, cities and towns that develop along it. However, this capacity for influence is divergent and discontinuous due to various factors of a historical, geographical, socioeconomic and political nature. The present investigation has the purpose of producing a work that deals with the study of the locality of Cárdenas and its border regions, understanding them as those spaces of transcendence for the development of these and of Nicaragua, from an integrating and multidisciplinary perspective. ; El estudio de las fronteras ha tenido un gran auge especialmente en los últimos años a nivel de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Para el caso de Centroamérica, las fronteras han sido consideradas como zonas de conflicto entre los países que las comparten. Históricamente éstas no han tenido atención desde el Estado, permaneciendo olvidadas y atendidas solamente cuando aparecen nuevos conflictos limítrofes o territoriales. En otros diversos campos de las ciencias sociales y humanas, la noción de frontera es tomada en cuenta en un sentido más amplio y no se traduce sistemáticamente en los límites entre Estados. El término es utilizado para expresar una separación entre grupos culturales (frontera lingüística, religiosa) y se asocia a un contacto confuso, impreciso, móvil. La frontera tiene la capacidad de incidir de manera directa en la configuración de las localidades, ciudades y pueblos que se desarrollan a lo largo de ésta. Sin embargo, esta capacidad de influencia es divergente y discontinua por diversos factores de carácter histórico, geográfico, socioeconómico y político. La actual investigación tiene el propósito de producir una obra que aborde el estudio de la localidad de Cárdenas y de sus comarcas fronterizas, entendiéndolas como aquellos espacios de trascendencia para el desarrollo de éstas y de Nicaragua, desde una perspectiva integradora y multidisciplinaria.
The study of borders has had a great boom especially in recent years in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the case of Central America, the borders have been considered as zones of conflict between the countries that share them. Historically, these have not received attention from the State, remaining forgotten and attended only when new border or territorial conflicts appear. In other diverse fields of social and human sciences, the notion of frontier is taken into account in a broader sense and is not systematically translated into the boundaries between states. The term is used to express a separation between cultural groups (linguistic, religious border) and is associated with a confused, imprecise, mobile contact. The border has the ability to directly affect the configuration of the towns, cities and towns that develop along it. However, this capacity for influence is divergent and discontinuous due to various factors of a historical, geographical, socioeconomic and political nature. The present investigation has the purpose of producing a work that deals with the study of the locality of Cárdenas and its border regions, understanding them as those spaces of transcendence for the development of these and of Nicaragua, from an integrating and multidisciplinary perspective. ; El estudio de las fronteras ha tenido un gran auge especialmente en los últimos años a nivel de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Para el caso de Centroamérica, las fronteras han sido consideradas como zonas de conflicto entre los países que las comparten. Históricamente éstas no han tenido atención desde el Estado, permaneciendo olvidadas y atendidas solamente cuando aparecen nuevos conflictos limítrofes o territoriales. En otros diversos campos de las ciencias sociales y humanas, la noción de frontera es tomada en cuenta en un sentido más amplio y no se traduce sistemáticamente en los límites entre Estados. El término es utilizado para expresar una separación entre grupos culturales (frontera lingüística, religiosa) y se asocia a un contacto confuso, impreciso, móvil. La frontera tiene la capacidad de incidir de manera directa en la configuración de las localidades, ciudades y pueblos que se desarrollan a lo largo de ésta. Sin embargo, esta capacidad de influencia es divergente y discontinua por diversos factores de carácter histórico, geográfico, socioeconómico y político. La actual investigación tiene el propósito de producir una obra que aborde el estudio de la localidad de Cárdenas y de sus comarcas fronterizas, entendiéndolas como aquellos espacios de trascendencia para el desarrollo de éstas y de Nicaragua, desde una perspectiva integradora y multidisciplinaria.
La vitrificación de los óvulos como incentivo para conciliar la vida laboral y familiar, lejos de favorecer la autonomía y libertad de las mujeres para gestionar sus proyecto reproductivo y profesional, reproduce la asimetría y desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Primero, porque al reducir el problema al ámbito de la biología, naturaliza el origen del conflicto obviando los factores sociales; segundo, porque al enfocarlo en las mujeres, individualiza el tipo de soluciones a adoptar y, tercero, porque sustituye la acción política en la transformación del sistema sexo/género hegemónico, por las respuestas tecnológicas, aparentemente, neutrales y objetivas ; Ovules freezing as an incentive to reconcile work life and family, far from favor the autonomy and freedom of the women to manage their reproductive and professional project, recreates the asymmetry and inequality between men and women. First of all, because by reducing the problem to the biology field, it naturalizes the origin of the conflict omitting social factors; second, because by focusing it on women, it individualizes the type of solutions to adopt and, third, because it replaces the political action in the transformation of the hegemonic sex/gender system, with technological answers which are apparently, unbiased and objectives. ; Proyecto «Familias, Centros de reproducción asistida y donantes. Miradas cruzadas. Variaciones según modelos familiares y anonimato/no anonimato de la donación». Plan Nacional I+D+i. Ref.: CSO2015-64551-C3-2-R
La vitrificación de los óvulos como incentivo para conciliar la vida laboral y familiar, lejos de favorecer la autonomía y libertad de las mujeres para gestionar sus proyecto reproductivo y profesional, reproduce la asimetría y desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Primero, porque al reducir el problema al ámbito de la biología, naturaliza el origen del conflicto obviando los factores sociales; segundo, porque al enfocarlo en las mujeres, individualiza el tipo de soluciones a adoptar y, tercero, porque sustituye la acción política en la transformación del sistema sexo/género hegemónico, por las respuestas tecnológicas, aparentemente, neutrales y objetivas.Abstract:Ovules freezing as an incentive to reconcile work life and family, far from favor the autonomy and freedom of the women to manage their reproductive and professional project, recreates the asymmetry and inequality between men and women. First of all, because by reducing the problem to the biology field, it naturalizes the origin of the conflict omitting social factors; second, because by focusing it on women, it individualizes the type of solutions to adopt and, third, because it replaces the political action in the transformation of the hegemonic sex/gender system, with technological answers which are apparently, unbiased and objectives.
One of the features more visible in comparing the results of the (2001) last census in Spain with those of 1991 is the emergence of a new type of household structure: the reconstituted family composed by a couple with the children of a previous relation. The scientific interest of this type of family rests not only in the small number of anthropological studies done in Spain, but in the nature of the cultural changes represented by this new social data, the new claims derived from it, and the absence of social politics suitable to those situations. Those families symbolize a new social reality which is in a continuous process of experimentation and construction, without any referential tradition, and challenge the traditional concepts and way of thinking our cultural kinship system: marriage, filiation, family, home, residence, parenthood, maternity, paternity… This article presents a part of the results of an anthropological research on reconstituted families in Madrid Region financed by Labour and Social Affairs Ministry
By means of the metaphorologic proposals of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson in the analysis of discourse among unemployed young people, the author aims to reveal the basic metaphoric structures that underlie these people's view of the labor market. The fundamental metaphoric concept regarding unemployment held by those interviewed (spaniards aged 16 to 29), which lends coherence to their thoughts, talks and actions, is that of life as a «game of chance» and getting a job as a «stroke of luck». The demobilizing effect of this metaphor results from its hiding the structural dimensión of unemployment through a process of naturalization and individualization that transfers the problem of unemployment from the socioeconomic and political structure to the level of the individual and his or her «luck». ; A partir de las propuestas metaforológicas de G. Lakoff y M. Johnson, aplicadas al análisis de los discursos de jóvenes desempleados, se trata de desvelar la estructura metafórica básica de su visión del mercado laboral. El concepto metafórico fundamental que da coherencia a la forma de pensar, hablar y actuar sobre el paro del grupo de jóvenes estudiado (españoles de 16 a 29 años) es el de la vida como «un juego de azar» y el acceso a un empleo como «un golpe de suerte». El efecto desmovilizador de la metáfora consiste en ocultar la dimensión estructural del desempleo a través de un proceso de naturalización e individualización que traslada el problema del paro de la estructura socieconómica y política al individuo y «su suerte».
By means of the metaphorologic proposals of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson in the analysis of discourse among unemployed young people, the author aims to reveal the basic metaphoric structures that underlie these people's view of the labor market. The fundamental metaphoric concept regarding unemployment held by those interviewed (spaniards aged 16 to 29), which lends coherence to their thoughts, talks and actions, is that of life as a «game of chance» and getting a job as a «stroke of luck». The demobilizing effect of this metaphor results from its hiding the structural dimensión of unemployment through a process of naturalization and individualization that transfers the problem of unemployment from the socioeconomic and political structure to the level of the individual and his or her «luck». ; A partir de las propuestas metaforológicas de G. Lakoff y M. Johnson, aplicadas al análisis de los discursos de jóvenes desempleados, se trata de desvelar la estructura metafórica básica de su visión del mercado laboral. El concepto metafórico fundamental que da coherencia a la forma de pensar, hablar y actuar sobre el paro del grupo de jóvenes estudiado (españoles de 16 a 29 años) es el de la vida como «un juego de azar» y el acceso a un empleo como «un golpe de suerte». El efecto desmovilizador de la metáfora consiste en ocultar la dimensión estructural del desempleo a través de un proceso de naturalización e individualización que traslada el problema del paro de la estructura socieconómica y política al individuo y «su suerte».
Environmental Governance is a challenge for countries whose economic growth is underpinned by natural resources. On one hand, the state has to keep political legitimacy reacting to internal demands from a diverse civil society in the context of a democratic regime. On the other, the state has to tackle demands from global capitalism to be in the global market. This dissertation sheds light on how developing countries can build and exert environmental governance. In this dissertation, environmental governance is the process of making decisions regarding public goods or services and providing them integrating actors from outside the state. The case study is the farmed salmon industry in Chile. It is a strategic case because aquaculture is a globalized activity that is presenting ambivalent consequences. It is an opportunity for countries like Chile to develop technology and knowledge in a sector that has a higher level of added value although it is based on natural resources. At the same time, it is an industry that demands coordination between the state and the companies to ensure the social and environmental sustainability of the industry and many workers and communities related to this activity. The farmed salmon industry in Chile has been known as a competitive sector, being the second exporter of farmed salmon in the world. Unfortunately, this rapid growth since the 2000s has had costs. Fish illnesses and pollution of the ecosystem have been present during all this time. A crucial moment was in 2007 when a virus provoked a dramatic breakdown, killing tons of fish and provoking an economic and serious social crisis. This was a milestone in the history of this industry that led the state to implement a process of new regulation and promote a new style of production. This can be considered as a shift in the environmental governance of the farmed salmon industry in Chile. This dissertation examines and explains the mentioned shift and its consequences on the organization of the farmed salmon industry in Chile. Given that is only one case examined, the dependent variable has been explained considering diverse dimensions. To do so, three aspects of sustainability were defined to control differences regarding the environmental governance shift in the farmed salmon industry in Chile. The first is the use of pharmaceutical products, the second is the use of marine location through concessions, and the third aspect is the dependency of the farmed salmon industry on fishmeal. These three aspects were analyzed from an Integrated Political Economy of the Environment perspective. This theoretical framework is based on perspectives of the Environmental Sociology and Sociology of Globalization. The perspective elaborated in this dissertation considers three actors or processes in permanent tension: the state, the civil society, and the globalization. I explain the environmental governance shift for each aspect of sustainability focused on the relationships between these actors. The farmed salmon industry in Chile was a theoretically strategic case. It was carried out codification of trade journal articles, laws, and governmental reports. Codes were based on the three aspects of the dependent variable mentioned above and four aspects of environmental governance. Quantitative data elaborated by organizations and other pieces of research were integrated into the qualitative analysis. Regarding the environmental governance of pharmaceutical products, it was possible to understand that changes were associated with more information from the companies to the government agencies but without a complete transparency. The regulation was not more explicit about the restriction of pharmaceutical products beyond those chemicals internationally banned. The pressure in this regard came from buyers such as supermarket chains, what is the starting point of international regulation though certification schema. Also, International NGOs exert an indirect pressure toward the salmon industry in Chile, demanding better information from American environmental organizations. With respect to the use of marine locations, this dissertation found that the state keeps its prerogative of marine property administration as a mechanism of governance. Based on this principle, the state carried out important transformations that in general aimed to rescue the industry and give a new opportunity allowing its expansion toward southern Chile seeking cleaner waters. Another important measure was the rescue of the industry through subsidies and the possibility to use concessions as collateral for bank loans. Finally, the implementation of biosecurity zones which are known as "Salmon Neighborhoods." These zones allow a better coordination of biosecurity procedures and a faster reaction facing contagious illnesses. Regarding the use of fish feed and dependency on fishmeal, this was not a matter of legislation or agreements at the time of the studied environmental governance shift. It was only a concern of international organizations from which Chile was totally disconnected. As a general conclusion, the new environmental governance of the salmon industry in Chile can be defined as an unstable balance instead of a trilemma. The main aim of this vulnerable balance of governance is to regulate an industry based on the idea of self-regulation and an endless growth and capital accumulation, dramatically conditioned by dynamics of global capitalism.
