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In just two years, Javier Milei, a political outsider and best known for his YouTube and TikTok virals, managed to create his own political party and defeat the most powerful political machine in Argentine history. Milei's resounding success can be explained by three main factors.

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the effectiveness of taxes, subsidies and cash incentives in reducing unhealthy food consumption. Using an inter‐temporal rational choice model with habit, we calibrate and simulate the effect of those policies to US and UK data. Our findings suggest that cash incentives may be the most effective policy in reducing unhealthy food consumption. However, when comparing the reduction in costs for the social security system with the implementation costs, cash incentives can lead to significant monetary losses. Taxes are relatively ineffective in reducing unhealthy food consumption. Finally, subsidies have the best balance between effectiveness and monetary benefits to society.

We analyze a committee of voters who take a decision via a two‐stage process. In a discussion stage, voters share non‐verifiable information about a private signal concerning what is the best decision. In a voting stage, a decision is taken by voting. We introduce the possibility of leadership whereby a certain voter, the leader, is more influential than the rest at the discussion stage even though she is not better informed. We study the effects of leadership on information transmission and the quality of the choice made by the committee, and how these effects depend on the specific voting rule employed. We find that how truthful voters are at the discussion stage depends non‐monotonically on how influential the leader is. Moreover, when the leader's influence is relatively high, supermajority voting rules may increase the probability of choosing the best option when compared with the majority voting rule.

The main focus of this analysis is the historical forms through which the social elites exert their power and influence in local areas. The organization analyzed is the Chamber of Production and Commerce of the southern city of Concepción between the years 1957 and 1971; the main focus is on the Chamber's social and political strategies which made possible its influence and actions in the defence of the main economic and entrepreneurial interests of its members. At a time of decisive changes in the role of the State in the economy, of intense debates about the country's economic and social development this article analyzes the ways and means through which local entrepreneurs, themselves part of the local elite, displayed their actions in the regional realm in order to preserve their own condition as elite. ; Las formas históricas en que las elites sociales ejercen el poder y la influencia en los espacios locales es el centro de atención de este análisis. Tomamos como actor la Cámara de la Producción y el Comercio de Concepción, para analizar entre los años 1957 y 1971, las distintas estrategias políticas y sociales que permitieron el ejercicio de la influencia en función de los intereses empresariales y económicos de sus asociados. En un período histórico de transformaciones del rol del Estado en la economía, de discusiones sobre el desarrollo económico y social del país, analizamos cómo los empresarios locales, que forman parte de las elites locales, actúan en los espacios regionales para mantener su propia condición de elite.

We show that policies that eliminate corruption can depart from socially desirable policies and this inefficiency can be large enough to allow corruption to live on. Political competition between an honest (welfare maximiser) and corrupt politicians is studied. In our model the corrupt politician is at a distinct disadvantage: there is no asymmetric information, no voter bias and voters are fully rational. Yet, corruption cannot be eliminated when voters have heterogeneous preferences.

[Background]: Biological pathways are subsets of the complex biomolecular wiring that occur in living cells. They are usually rationalized and depicted in cartoon maps or charts to show them in a friendly visible way. Despite these efforts to present biological pathways, the current progress of bioinformatics indicates that translation of pathways in networks can be a very useful approach to achieve a computer-based view of the complex processes and interactions that occurr in a living system. [Results]: We have developed a bioinformatic tool called Path2enet that provides a translation of biological pathways in protein networks integrating several layers of information about the biomolecular nodes in a multiplex view. Path2enet is an R package that reads the relations and links between proteins stored in a comprehensive database of biological pathways, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/ ), and integrates them with expression data from various resources and with data on protein-protein physical interactions. Path2enet tool uses the expression data to determine if a given protein in a network (i.e., a node) is active (ON) or inactive (OFF) in a specific cellular context or sample type. In this way, Path2enet reduces the complexity of the networks and reveals the proteins that are active (expressed) under specific conditions. As a proof of concept, this work presents a practical >case of use> generating the pathway-expression-networks corresponding to the NOTCH Signaling Pathway in human B- and T-lymphocytes. This case is produced by the analysis and integration in Path2enet of an experimental dataset of genome-wide expression microarrays produced with these cell types (i.e., B cells and T cells). [Conclusions]: Path2enet is an open source and open access tool that allows the construction of pathway-expression-networks, reading and integrating the information from biological pathways, protein interactions and gene expression cell specific data. The development of this type of tools aims to provide a more integrative and global view of the links and associations that exist between the proteins working in specific cellular systems. ; We acknowledge the funding provided to Dr. J. De Las Rivas group by the Local Government, "Junta de Castilla y Leon" (JCyL, Valladolid, Spain, grant number BIO/SA08/14); and by the Spanish Government, "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" (MINECO) with grants of the ISCiii co-funded by FEDER (grant references PI12/00624 and PI15/00328). We also acknowledge a PhD research grant to Conrad Droste ("Ayudas a la Contratación de Personal Investigador") provided by the JCyL with the support of the "Fondo Social Europeo" (FSE). ; Peer Reviewed

8 páginas, 3 figuras, 1 tabla.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. ; This work has been supported by funds provided by the Local Government Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL, ref. project: CSI07A09), by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN - ISCiii, ref. projects: PI061153 and PS09/00843) and by the European Commission Research Grant PSIMEx (ref. FP7-HEALTH-2007-223411). ; Peer Reviewed