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"Phenomenology refers to the philosophical and scientific study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience. This book includes four chapters that explore phenomenology from several perspectives. Chapter One examines Augustine's paradox as the formula of a philosophical problem through the lens of the phenomenological concept of the horizon. Chapter Two employs the tenets of hermeneutic phenomenology and the method of path-dependent process tracing to interrogate the "longue durée" historical experience of Ghana from 1951 to 1992 to probe the evolutionary dynamics of its democracy. Chapter Three presents ongoing research on a phenomenological ontology of forms of life. Lastly, Chapter Four advances the study of organizational cognition by exploring immergence in the context of the postal sector"--

Under the assumption that the treatment of substance abuse begins well before substance abusers actually enroll in treatment, this paper conceptualizes the process of recruitment into treatment, and investigates attrition of treatment seeking clients during the treatment recruitment stage. The paper identifies two stages prior to treatment enrollment, treatment exploration and treatment recruitment, and presents the results of a study of 1,924 homeless, mentally ill, chemical abusing men who looked for community-based treatment in New York City between 1991 and 1996. Only 326 of these men actually entered treatment. The rest were lost either prior to or during the recruitment stage. The paper focuses on the 823 men who reached the treatment recruitment stage, and attempts to correlate their sociodemographic, psychological, and substance abuse characteristics with the different types of attrition during treatment recruitment. The results show that certain client characteristics predict rejection and certain other characteristics predict acceptance by the treatment programs.

We examined patterns of changes in psychiatric symptoms among mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) in long-term residential treatment. Clients were evaluated with various measures of psychopathology, referred to a therapeutic community (TC) or community residence, and reassessed after 2, 6, and 12 months of treatment with regard to anxiety, depressive symptoms, and psychotic ideation. Reductions in mean values of psychopathology were found only for anxiety and depressive symptoms at the TC during the first 2 months of treatment. However, an examination of changing patterns of symptoms revealed a more complex set of findings. At both programs, a significant number of MICAs showed reductions in psychopathology during treatment, a significant minority exhibited no improvements in psychiatric symptoms, and a few reported new symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychotic ideation. We conclude that the symptoms of the vast majority of MICAs are highly labile during treatment.