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Tests two propositions on postcommunist party system formation in Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia, drawing on a variety of empirical data. The first proposition concerns the influence of a preauthoritarian period on postauthoritarian party development, while the second focuses on the mode of transition to authoritarianism. While some historical continuity is present, political cleavages in the preauthoritarian period did not simply unfreeze in the postauthoritarian period. Rather, most parties in the transition phase organized around broad-based, fluid groupings. Communist rule therefore significantly affected historical political cleavages. It is also found that the type of transition had no significant effect on initial public support for regime-successor parties. Instead, elite decisions & policy choices largely determined political outcomes. It is concluded that the legacies of the preauthoritarian period & transition mode have not been as influential in determining the initial shape of party systems in these countries as they were in Western & Southern Europe. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 78 References. D. M. Smith

SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE PATHS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR EXTENDING THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF WESTERN HEMISPHERE SUB-REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS INTO A MORE COMPREHENSIVE SCHEME OF HEMISPHERIC INTEGRATION. THE SCENARIOS OF NAFTA ACCESSION, HUB-AND-SPOKE ARRANGEMENTS AND TRADE AGREEMENT MERGING, ARE ANALYZED, INCLUDING INCENTIVES FOR AND BARRIERS TO EACH PATH. PATTERNS OF RECENT NEGOTIATION ACTIVITY, AS WELL AS THE STRONG REQUIREMENTS FOR NAFTA ACCESSION, IMPLY THAT TRADE AGREEMENT MERGING IS CURRENTLY THE MOST PROBABLE SCENARIO.

This paper outlines the role of livestock in integrated nutrient management in semi-arid west Africa. Farmers' strategies in the use of animal manure as well as research efforts to better understand the process of nutrient cycling through livestock in mixed farming systems are described. It concludes by suggesting ways in which research, government policies and farmers' practices could be coordinated to ensure sustainable nutrient management and agricultural Development.

[EN] Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are introduced to tackle the packing problem. The scheduling in Additive Manufacturing (AM) is also dealt with to set up a managed market, called "Lonja3D". This will enable to determine an alternative tool through the combinatorial auctions, wherein the customers will be able to purchase the products at the best prices from the manufacturers. Moreover, the manufacturers will be able to optimize the production capacity and to decrease the operating costs in each case. ; This research has been partially financed by the project: "Lonja de Impresión 3D para la Industria 4.0 y la Empresa Digital (LONJA3D)" funded by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, FEDER) with grant VA049P17 ; Castillo-Rivera, S.; De Antón, J.; Del Olmo, R.; Pajares, J.; López-Paredes, A. (2020). Genetic algorithms for the scheduling in additive manufacturing. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 8(2):59-63. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2020.12173 ; OJS ; 59 ; 63 ; 8 ; 2 ; Ahsan, A., Habib, A., Khoda, B. (2015). Resource based process planning for additive manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design, 69, 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.03.006 ; Araújo, L., Özcan, E., Atkin, J., Baumers, M., Tuck, C., Hague, R. (2015). Toward better build volume packing in additive manufacturing: classification of existing problems and benchmarks. 26th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium - an Additive Manufacturing Conference, 401-410. ; Berman, B. (2012). 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business Horizons, 55: 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.11.003 ; Canellidis, V., Dedoussis, V., Mantzouratos, N., Sofianopoulou, S. (2006). Preprocessing methodology for optimizing stereolithography apparatus build performance. Computers in Industry, 57, 424-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2006.02.004 ; Chergui, A., Hadj-Hamoub, K., Vignata, F. (2018). Production scheduling and nesting in additive ...

Tomo I: Opiniones y Análisis No. 78. - 242 S.; Tomo II: Opiniones y Análisis No. 79. - 200 S