Todo esfuerzo de investigación científica requiere de importantes decisiones metodológicas. Hacer ciencia es la actividad que ha hecho de los seres humanos la raza más avanzada del orbe, y su adecuada ejecución merece toda nuestra atención. Es así como la ciencia se ha convertido en la herramienta más útil que tiene la humanidad para transformar su entorno, para mejorarlo, y alcanzar una mejor calidad de vida; al menos así debiera serlo en estricto apego a la ética científica. ; La mejora constante de la vida del hombre es también la deontología del derecho y las ciencias sociales, y por ello hemos de dedicar un capitulado del presente trabajo a la descripción de los métodos que tienen cabida en nuestra investigación, y que tienen por objeto coadyuvar al fin último de toda ciencia social: la convivencia pacífica y armónica de los seres humanos en sociedad. Las instituciones del Estado deben ser siempre flexibles y abiertas al cambio, pues en ello radica la supervivencia misma del pacto social.
Cruz Roja surge a raíz de un conflicto bélico con la finalidad de socorrer a las víctimas del mismo y localizar, mediante voluntarios, a los familiares de éstas. Con el paso de los años, la respuesta de Cruz Roja se institucionaliza y se amplia a las diferentes necesidades que emergen de la sociedad. Para uno de los colectivos más vulnerables, como son los refugiados, se crea un Programa específico para dar cobertura a sus necesidades más básicas durante el proceso de protección internacional, acompañándolos en las diferentes dificultades que se les plantea para alcanzar su integración en la ciudad.
Since the beginning of the war, the new Francoist state that was born from the weapons, attempted an institutionalization of repression, making it an essential socio-political control mechanism whose goal was ending the adversary and the preceding democratic regime. In this article we destem proceedings against Francisco Cruz Sánchez, Communist mayor who was from the city of Ronda, during the last stage of the second Republic. The study of the procedure allows an approach to the operation of Franco's military justice and his repressive discourse, as well as access to an analytical reading of the facts to rescue the ostracism the last Republican Mayor of dreamed town of Ronda. ; Desde el inicio del conflicto bélico, el nuevo estado franquista procuró una institucionalización de la represión, constituyendo ésta un mecanismo esencial del control sociopolítico cuyo objetivo último era acabar con el adversario y el régimen democrático precedente. En el presente artículo desgranamos el proceso militar contra Francisco Cruz Sánchez, alcalde comunista que fue de la ciudad de Ronda, durante la última etapa de la II República. El estudio del procedimiento nos permite una aproximación al funcionamiento de la justicia militar franquista y su discurso represivo, así como acceder a una lectura analítica de los hechos para rescatar del ostracismo al último alcalde republicano de la Ciudad Soñada de Ronda.
Telgram from Misters A. Cruz Avilés, Leopoldo Zincunegui Tercero, José Sánchez Anaya, José Bravo, José M. Soto, Silviano Hurtado, B. Ibarra, Constantino Rivero, Manuel Padilla, Prisciliano Canedo Méndez y Martín Barragán of the council of the state of Michoacán to Gen. Alvaro Obregón requesting intervention in a political conflict occurring in the state. Response expresses regret for not being able to intervene. / Telegrama de los Srs. A. Cruz Avilés, Leopoldo Zincunegui Tercero, José Sánchez Anaya, José Bravo, José M. Soto, Silviano Hurtado, B. Ibarra, Constantino Rivero, Manuel Padilla, Prisciliano Canedo Méndez y Martín Barragán de la diputación michoacana al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, solicitando su intervención en conflicto político surgido en Michoacán. Respuesta lamentando no poder intervenir.
Este artigo objetiva dialogar a respeito das representações discursivas e imagéticas acerca das relações raciais no Brasil nas páginas da revista O Correio da Unesco editada pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura – Unesco. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que integra ampla objetivo de pesquisa que busca verificar a maneira pela qual a Unesco estabeleceu diretrizes normativas globais para a questão racial. Buscou-se identificar que tipos de mecanismos narrativos são mobilizados quando a proposta é efetivar um debate sobre a questão racial. Com esta proposta, o direcionamento é apontado para uma analítica que visualiza o modo pelo qual a revista converte-se em uma estratégia de comunicação, não apenas por sistematizar e atribuir uma determinada identidade visual à temática racial em escala global, mas por dar visibilidade às ideias e ações da Unesco.
Elba Rosario Sánchez was born 1949 in Atemajac, Mexico, a small town near Guadalajara. She is the oldest of three girls. Her father worked in the cotton mill until an accident injured one of his eyes. The accident sent him to the United States in search of work, first to Chicago, where the family had relatives, and then to San Francisco, where he worked as a bus boy at the Fairmount Hotel. After about eighteen months, he brought his family to San Francisco in 1960, where they lived at Divisidero and Pine, in a Black neighborhood. At the neighborhood elementary school, Elba was one of very few non-Black children; ironically, even as she struggled to adapt to a white-dominated country, in the racial definitions of that time she was considered white. She learned English quickly, and soon became the translator for her family. Within a few years of her arrival, the social movements of the 1960s altered the national landscape. Witnessing the brutal repression of Black civil rights protestors on television was formative for Sánchez's growing political consciousness and her eventual activism as a young supporter of the United Farm Workers movement. Her early activism with the United Farm Workers boycott on grapes was impressive, particularly since her family did not approve of her protest. This activism grew intertwined with her passion for writing and for language. In the oral history, Elba vividly recalls that her first pieces of poetry were written on small pieces of paper that she then crumpled up and hid in a drawer. Her first poem, "The Price of Color," was published in her parochial high school's yearbook. After graduation, Sánchez attended San Francisco City College. There she was inspired by the Chicano activist spirit of several classmates who had been taking courses at San Francisco State College, where the student protests had shut the campus down. But after a semester and a half she dropped out of college to marry and have a child. In the late 1970s, Sánchez and her husband relocated to Santa Cruz so that her husband could attend UC Santa Cruz. Sánchez became a bilingual counseling aide at Santa Cruz High School. In search of UCSC students who could serve as English tutors at Santa Cruz High, Sánchez met Paco Ramirez, a lecturer in Spanish who coordinated the tutorial program at Stevenson College and Paul Lubeck, a professor in sociology. Both encouraged her to return to college and finish her B.A., which she did, graduating in Latin American studies from Merrill College. At UCSC, Sánchez was a nontraditional student who lived off campus with her husband and her three-year-old child. This experience, plus the class and cultural differences between her and the mostly white middle-class student body of UCSC at that time, led to feelings of alienation and isolation. Professor Roberto Crespi, Sánchez's advisor in Latin American studies, encouraged her to go on to graduate school in literature at UCSC, which she did, earning her MA from UCSC. Crespi was one of very few Latino professors at UCSC in the early years of the campus. He was also one of the founders, with J. Herman Blake, of Oakes College. In 1979, Crespi also hired Sánchez as a tutor in the Spanish for Spanish Speakers Program (SPSS), which he had founded, and which was then only in its second year. Sánchez spent the next fifteen years teaching in, coordinating, and directing the multidisciplinary Spanish for Speakers Program. This pioneering, cutting-edge program, incorporated poetry readings, theatrical performances, cultural nights, political discussions, visual arts exhibitions, and small press publishing into its curriculum. Students studied Latin American history and literature in SPSS courses, and honed critical thinking, speaking, translation, and writing skills. Sánchez credits SPSS for higher levels of retention of Latino students at UCSC, and also for the successful careers of many of those students after graduation. Also while at UCSC, Sánchez was one of the founding and primary editors of REVISTA MUJERES, a bilingual literary and visual arts journal published at UC Santa Cruz from January 1984 to 1993. According to their mission statement, "REVISTA MUJERES: In Our Words and Work, Our Vision," REVISTA was dedicated to interviews, poetry, essays, as well as visual art work and set a page in the history, struggles, and contributions of Chicana and Latina undergraduate and graduate students, staff, and faculty members…REVISTA was also envisioned and produced as a response to the lack of access in mainstream publications for Chicana/Latina bilingual, budding as well as experienced writers, whose work was unpublished. Its aim was to promote and encourage a community of writers and artists, to plant a seed of reality and creativity. Sánchez's commitment to honor the Spanish language, teach Latin American history, and to offer a keen critique of colonization is part of her legacy on the UC Santa Cruz campus. This commitment was particularly evident in her fervent dedication to SSSP and the co-production of Revista Mujeres. In her oral history, Sánchez describes the organizational work that went into funding, editing, producing, and distributing this groundbreaking journal, which was distributed far beyond UCSC and was the first of its kind published in the state of California. Sánchez locates REVISTA in a cultural effervescence of Chicano-Latino writing and publishing in the 1980s and 1990s. Sánchez recalls that at the time of her earliest publications, there were very few Chicana and Chicano writers who were published. Sánchez's own development as a writer flourished during that cultural flowering. She participated in a bilingual writer's workshop in San Francisco with several other key Chicana and Chicano writers. She is the author or coauthor of several books of poetry including Tallos de luna /Moon Shots (Moving Parts Press, 1992), From Silence to Howl (Moving Parts Press, 1993) and is a contributor to many anthologies, including Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader (Duke University Press, 2003), Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color (Aunt Lute Books, 1990). She continues to write and is currently working on flash fiction and children's books. Elba Sánchez was interviewed in three sessions by Susy Zepeda in several locations in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The interviews took place on February 8, 2013, March 1, 2013, and April 5, 2013. The interviews were transcribed by Irene Reti and a transcript was returned both to Zepeda, who audited it for accuracy of transcription, and Sánchez, who edited it for flow and accuracy, corrected the Spanish. Both Zepeda and Sánchez added some footnotes. We chose not to italicize the Spanish in the transcript, a political decision that recognizes that italics can "other" Spanish words as "foreign," or non-normative. This is a style preferred by many Latino/a writers today. It was an honor and a pleasure to interview Elba Sánchez. Her storytelling was full of heart, joy, and animation. Her oral history offers a sense of her strength, vision, and dedication to forms of resistance.
La editorial Atelier ha publicado esta colectánea de textos, del profesor Pablo Sánchez-Ostiz –previamente publicados, con excepción del estudio introductorio y el capítulo referido a la culpabilidad–. En esta contribución, el lector tiene la oportunidad de acceder a una serie de temas relacionados con el estudio de la Parte Especial. Su autor expone en este trabajo la necesidad de abordar un análisis de esa parte del Derecho Penal en base a la necesidad de estructurar y organizar los delitos con arreglo a criterios que los cohesionen (o los unan). No se trata de un libro sobre la Parte Especial en sentido clásico, pues ni se estudian ni se analizan los comportamientos delictivos de manera sistemática o de forma tradicional; por el contrario, el lector encontrará en este trabajo una propuesta sobre el correcto estudio de esa Parte del Derecho Penal.
With the end of the Middle Ages and in response to several factors, the devotion to the True Cross, introduced by the Franciscan friars, leads to the formation of the first penitential brotherhoods on the Iberian peninsula: the Vera Cruz brotherhoods. The first associations emerged in Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, especially in the northern cities, which had been freed some time before from Muslim occupation. Gradually, the devotion to the True Cross and to the Blood of Christ lead to the rapid expansion of these lay religious associations throughout the Peninsula. This article will examine a specific case, the foundation of Vera Cruz brotherhoods in the current province of Cadiz, in southern-most in Spain. After a brief introduction on the state of scholarship in this area, the article will examine unpublished documental data touching on the founding and early years of some of these corporations. It will then provide some brief information on other, non-penitential contemporary devotions that deserve a separately study. This new information has been obtained on the whole though the analysis and transcription of sixteenth-century legal documents from Cadiz and in particular from one specific type of document, the last will or testament.
