Suchergebnisse

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of smoke alarm use among families with children and to identify household factors that predict the absence of a smoke alarm. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of data collected in the September and November 1995 Omnibus Survey, conducted by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in the UK. SUBJECTS: A random sample of British households. Interviews were completed with 4,043 householders. The response rate was 78%. RESULTS: 29% of British households do not have a smoke alarm and smoke alarms were absent in 20% of households with children under 15 years. A smoke alarm was absent in 41% of privately rented homes compared with 17% of owner occupied homes. Living in private rental accommodation was the strongest household predictor of the absence of a smoke alarm (odds ratio = 3.25, 95% confidence interval 1.94 to 5.42). Householders who had heard of National Fire Safety Week or the TV smoke alarm advertising campaign were significantly more likely to have a smoke alarm. The apparent effect of these campaigns was greatest in families with children. CONCLUSIONS: Smoke alarm use has continued to increase but a substantial proportion of British homes still do not have smoke alarms. Homes at greatest risk of residential fire are the least likely to have an alarm. Health professionals may be able to increase smoke alarm use among families with children, by counselling families about the benefits of smoke alarms. They may also be effective in this regard by lobbying local councils, houseing associations, or private landlords to install alarms in all properties and by advocating for national legislation.

This work was supported by the Latvian Council of Science Grant No. 374/2012 and the Latvian National Research Program IMIS2. Many stimulating discussions with D. Vanderbilt, K.M. Rabe, M. Rohlfing, E. Heifets, J. Maier, G. Borstel and E.A. Kotomin are greatly acknowledged. ; By means of the hybrid exchange–correlation functionals, as it is implemented in the CRYSTAL computer code, ab initio calculations for main ABO3 perovskite (0 0 1) surfaces, namely SrTiO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaTiO3, SrZrO3, BaZrO3, PbZrO3 and CaZrO3, were performed. For ABO3 perovskite (0 0 1) surfaces, with a few exceptions, all atoms of the upper surface layer relax inward, all atoms of the second surface layer relax outward, and all third layer atoms, again, inward. The relaxation of (0 0 1) surface metal atoms for ABO3 perovskite upper two surface layers for both AO and BO2-terminations, in most cases, are considerably larger than that of oxygen atoms, what leads to a considerable rumpling of the outermost plane. The ABO3 perovskite (0 0 1) surface energies always are smaller than the (0 1 1) and especially (1 1 1) surface energies. The ABO3 perovskite AO and BO2-terminated (0 0 1) surface band gaps always are reduced with respect to the bulk values. The B–O chemical bond population in ABO3 perovskite bulk always are smaller than near the (0 0 1) and especially (0 1 1) surfaces. ; Latvian Council of Science Grant No. 374/2012; the Latvian National Research Program IMIS2; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in child mortality from unintentional injury between 1985 and 1992 and to find how changes in modes of travel contributed to these trends. DESIGN: Poisson regression modelling using data from death certificates, censuses, and national travel surveys. SETTING: England and Wales. SUBJECTS: Resident children aged 0-14. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Deaths from unintentional injury and poisoning. RESULTS: Child deaths from injury declined by 34% (95% confidence interval 28% to 40%) per 100,000 population between 1985 and 1992. Substantial decreases in each of the leading causes of death from injury contributed to this overall decline. On average, children walked and cycled less distance and travelled substantially more miles by car in 1992 compared with 1985. Deaths from road traffic accidents declined for pedestrians by 24% per mile walked and for cyclists by 20% per mile cycled, substantially less than the declines per 100,000 population of 37% and 38% respectively. In contrast, deaths of occupants of motor vehicles declined by 42% per mile travelled by car compared with a 21% decline per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS: If trends in child mortality from injury continue the government's target to reduce the rate by 33% by the year 2005 will be achieved. A substantial proportion of the decline in pedestrian traffic and pedal cycling deaths, however, seems to have been achieved at the expense of children's walking and cycling activities. Changes in travel patterns may exact a considerable price in terms of future health problems.

S.P.K. acknowledges support by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Project No.0116U002067). Calculations were performed using Latvian Super Cluster (LASC), located in the Center of Excellence at Institute of Solid State Physics, the University of Latvia, which is supported by European Union Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-Teaming. Phase two under Grant Agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2. ; We propose a novel approach for characterising the electron spectrum of disordered crystals constructed from a Hamiltonian of electrons as well as phonons and a diagram approach for Green's function. The system's electronic states were modelled by means of the multi‐band, tight-binding approach. The system's Hamiltonian is described based on the electron wave functions at the field of the atom nucleus. Our novel approach incorporates the long‐range Coulomb interplay of electrons located in different lattice positions. Explicit interpretations of Green's functions are derived using a diagram method.Equations are obtained for the vertex components for the mass operators of the electron–electron as well aselectron–phonon interplays. A system of equations for the spectrum of elementary excitations in the crystal is obtained, in which the vertex components for the mass operators of electron–electron as well as electron–phonon interplays are renormalised. Thismakes it possible to perform numerical computationsfor the system's energy spectrum with a predetermined accuracy. In contrast to other approaches in which electron correlations are only taken into account in the limiting cases of an infinitely large and infinitesimal electron density, in this method, electron correlations are described in the general case of an arbitrary density. We obtained the cluster expansion of the density of states (DOS) of the disordered systems. We demon-strate that the addition of the electron‐scattering mechanismsto the clusters is decreasing. This hap-pens due to a growing number of positions in the cluster, which hang ontothe small parameter. The computing exactness is fixed by a small parameter for cluster expansion of Green's functions of electrons as well as phonons. © 2022 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access.--//-- This is an open access article Kruchinin, S.P.; Eglitis, R.I.; Babak, V.P.; Vyshyvana, I.G.; Repetsky, S.P. Effects of Electron Correlation inside Disordered Crystals. Crystals 2022, 12, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020237; published under the CC BY 4.0 licence. ; European Union Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020‐WIDESPREAD‐01‐2016‐2017‐Teaming; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 0116U002067; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.

Previously, Ren et al. [Chem. Phys. 518, 69–73, 2019] reported the failure of Boron-Nitrogen (B-N) co-doping as inter B-N bond in T-carbon. In present work, a B-N atom pair is introduced in T-carbon as p-n co-dopant to substitute two carbon atoms in the same carbon tetrahedron and form an intra B-N bond. The stability of this doping system is verified from energy, lattice dynamic, and thermodynamic aspects. According to our B3PW calculations, B-N impurities in this situation can reduce the band gap of T-carbon from 2.95 eV to 2.55 eV, making this material to be a promising photocatalyst. Through the study of its transport properties, we can also conclude that B-N co-doping cannot improve the thermoelectric performance of T-carbon. ; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21173096). ; The singly B and N doped graphene systems are carefully studied. The highly concentrated dopants cause a spin polarization effect in the systems. The spin polarization limits are affirmed in the singly B and N doped graphene systems through periodic hybrid density functional theory studies. The spin polarization effects must be considered indeed in the B and N doped graphene systems if the dopant concentration is above 3.1% and 1.4%, respectively. The system symmetry cooperating with the presence of the spin polarization brings half-metallic properties into the doping systems. The semiconducting channels in the half-metallic systems are in two different spin directions due to the different electron configurations of the B and N dopants in graphene. ; National Natural Science Foundation of China 21173096; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

Study objectives: The UK government recommends that local authorities install battery operated smoke alarms to prevent fire related injury. However, a randomised controlled trial of smoke alarm installation in local authority housing found a low level of working alarms at follow up. Qualitative work, which accompanied the trial explored barriers and levers to the use of this public health intervention.