Suchergebnisse

During the last decade, in Central Africa, timber volume of the artisanal chainsaw milling (CSM) sector, mainly for domestic markets, has exceeded that processed by the export-oriented industrial sector. However, due to lack of legal alternatives, CSM is

Limitaciones técnicas, financieras y normativas hacen que la agroforestería y los sistemas basados en arboles (TBS) no sean visibles en los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) a pesar de que en muchos países han expresado voluntad politíca de promoverlos como medida de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Su potencial de mitigación permanece así desconocido y no reconocido, limitando su intragración en las planificaciones de los sectores productivos agrícola, ganadero y forestal. Colombi ahace parte de los países que proponen NAMAs con sistemas agroforestales (SAF) y TBS, prooniendo una NAMA Forestal (en elaboración) enfocada en paisajes forestales sostenibles. A parte, icnorpora de manera indirecta (en las emisiones/remociones de las tierras forestales) y todavía parcial los TBS y SAF en su INGEI. Retan el reporte directo (MRV nacional): i) la falta de una clara definición de los SAF y TBS, ii) el acceso a información de calidad y iii) la definición de responsabilidades claras sobre reporte para evitar traslapes y doble contabilidad con medidas y actividades del sector agropecuario. Se contribuye a la construcción y definición de la estructura del MRV de la NAMA y a su articulación con las demás iniciativas en el sector AFOLU proponiendo una clasificación y elementos conceptuales para visibilizar SAF y TBS en el MRV nacional. ; Technical, financial and regulatory constraints mean that agroforestry and tree based systems (TBS) are not visible in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (INGEI) despite the fact that in many countries they have expressed a political will to promote them as a climate change adaptation and mitigation measure. Their mitigation potential thus remains unknown and unrecognized, limiting their intrusion into the planning of the agricultural, livestock and forestry productive sectors. Colombia is part of the countries that propose NAMAs with agroforestry systems (SAF) and TBS, proposing a Forest NAMA (under development) focused on sustainable forest landscapes. In addition, it incorporates indirectly (in emissions/removals from forest lands) and still partially the TBS and SAF in its INGEI. Direct reporting (national MRV) is challenged by: i) the lack of a clear definition of PAS and TBS, ii) access to quality information and iii) the definition of clear reporting responsibilities to avoid overlaps and double counting with agricultural sector measures and activities. It contributes to the construction and definition of NAMA's MRV structure and to its articulation with the other initiatives in the AFOLU sector by proposing a classification and conceptual elements to make SAF and TBS visible in the national MRV.

In the Peruvian Amazon, a significant amount of the agricultural landscape is cultivated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao) mostly grown under the shade of Musacea and timber trees. There, deforestation and its control are one of the main environmental issues for the Peruvian government and further, for the international community. In these landscapes, farmers who want to establish new plantations have the choice between tropical forest and degraded lands. Most of the latest are abandoned pastures or annual crops with mostly red ferralitic soils heavily unsaturated. As a response to the loss of fertility, farmers have currently two alternatives: entering illegally into the natural forest or practicing shifting cultivation on a long term basis that can reach more than 15 years. In this last case, the fallow lands, locally called "Purma", are named under three categories according to the height of the pioneer vegetation: (i) low (10 years). Our study has been conducted with former coca farmers moved 20 years ago by the Peruvian government to the Ucayali department to produce cocoa. There, we compared soil quality, cadmium content and plant biomass including fine roots at 0-20 and 20-50 cm depth, among three land uses: (i) 31 agroforestry cocoa plantations at different ages, (ii) 24 low, 24 medium and 22 high "purmas", and finally (iii) 22 forest patches as a control. Our results provide an interesting basis to discuss the ability of cocoa-based agroforestry systems to maintain and even restore soil fertility in degraded landscape at the Amazonian forest margin. The evolution of Cadmium content depending on land use and fallow period gives interesting indications for further investigations.

Human wellbeing depends on nature, but in spite of much work by and since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, it is not clear whether existing frameworks adequately analyze this relationship given our increasing market based societies. We report on a reassessment of this situation, developed at the recent workshop "Quantification of Ecosystem Services: concepts and measurement", co-organized by the World Agroforestry Centre, the Centre for International Forestry Research, Bioversity International and Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre. We assessed the need for a new framework, and sought consensus on the meaning of the term "ecosystem services" (ES), on approaches to their measurement and valuation along the full gradient of human modification of landscapes and on how to capture this vital knowledge in green accounting in a way that speaks to policy makers. A new framework is presented that combines both the ES and the livelihood capitals approaches. The ES concept emphasizes the benefits obtained by people from ecosystems and their economic value. In contrast, the multiple-capital livelihood framework has reframed debates on poverty by focusing on assets and resource access, not just on income. However, to maintain ES we need investment in natural capital. New standards for green accounting require clarity on "stocks", "stock change" and "flows". The agro-ecosystems managed to maximize "provisioning services" are both recipients and providers of ES - understanding and managing these dual roles require a framework that can apply to all phases of "forest and rural transitions", as well as the processes of change, so that strategic interventions can be planned. The proposed framework includes direct and indirect ES where benefits are derived from presence of natural capital respectively without and with the involvement of market economy. Thus human, social, cultural and political capitals (human wellbeing) are directly affected by natural capital, and indirectly affected through built and financial capitals (market economy). The benefits derived from ecosystem services must somehow lead to incentives to maintain and restore the natural capital that provides such services. By integrating the livelihood capitals approach, including a revised definition of natural capital, this new framework is applicable across the forest transition curve, and appropriate for assessing changes in importance and interactions of different capitals as societies pass from subsistence to market-based economies. It will also provide insight regarding interactions between people, nature and economy under different scenarios, including payment for ecosystem services schemes, green accounting and others. (Texte intégral)