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Offender management' for probation means continuing commitment to constructive work with individuals who break the law but in a changing multi-agency context. Providing a comprehensive introduction to criminal justice work, this book negotiates the structures set by law and policy and allows readers to think critically about roles, accountabilities and professional skills and judgement. Looking at key areas of practice and law, including youth justice, human rights and safeguarding children, the book will be essential for students and practitioners in criminal justice and probation studies

Efforts to secure compliance have always been a core element of probation practice, although compliance has been constructed in diverse ways and promoted through different means throughout its history. This article takes a brief historical perspective and reviews recent research on enforcement practices and developing understandings of compliance. These guide a critical discussion of the practices that might develop as responsibilities for enforcement are divided between the new National Probation Service (NPS) and Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs) under the Transforming Rehabilitation agenda, highlighting inevitable tensions and challenges, and anticipating how inter-agency practices might shape the ongoing construction of compliance. Charging more than one agency with responsibilities in relation to enforcement is tricky and creates risks in terms of legitimacy, credibility and justice. On the whole, future prospects seem difficult, but not hopeless and, in particular, there are examples of positive practices in probation and youth justice for the NPS and CRCs to draw upon as they develop their inter-agency structures and processes. Elsewhere, initiatives in problem-solving courts, focused, for example, on drug users, may also give indicators of constructive ways forward.

This book showcases research from a wide range of authors in the field of desisting from crime and recovering from addiction and examines the experiences of change for individuals seeking healthier and more successful futures.

BACKGROUND: Despite substantial decreases in recent decades, acute gastroenteritis causes the second greatest burden of all infectious diseases worldwide. Noroviruses are a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups. We aimed to assess the role of norovirus as a cause of endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, and Global Health databases from Jan 1, 2008, to March 8, 2014, for studies that used PCR diagnostics to assess the prevalence of norovirus in individuals with acute gastroenteritis. We included studies that were done continuously for 1 year or more from a specified catchment area (geographical area or group of people), enrolled patients who presented with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, and used PCR-based diagnostics for norovirus on all stool specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis. The primary outcome was prevalence of norovirus among all cases of gastroenteritis. We generated pooled estimates of prevalence by fitting linear mixed-effect meta-regression models. FINDINGS: Of 175 articles included, the pooled prevalence of norovirus in 187 336 patients with acute gastroenteritis was 18% (95% CI 17–20). Norovirus prevalence tended to be higher in cases of acute gastroenteritis in community (24%, 18–30) and outpatient (20%, 16–24) settings compared with inpatient (17%, 15–19, p=0·066) settings. Prevalence was also higher in low-mortality developing (19%, 16–22) and developed countries (20%, 17–22) compared with high-mortality developing countries (14%, 11–16; p=0·058). Patient age and whether the study included years of novel strain emergence were not associated with norovirus prevalence. INTERPRETATION: Norovirus is a key gastroenteritis pathogen associated with almost a fifth of all cases of acute gastroenteritis, and targeted intervention to reduce norovirus burden, such as vaccines, should be considered. FUNDING: The Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) of WHO and the Government ...