Suchergebnisse

This paper asks under what conditions it is possible for a wildlife department in west Africa without an external budget to protect all rare and endangered species, and if so, what is the impact on rural inhabitants engaged in hunting. Protecting wildlife in this region is particularly tricky. Hunting is important for rural livelihoods, but when unregulated can result in the loss of species. Government funding for wildlife departments is rarely sufficient and so they must increasingly look towards revenue-generating activities such as the sale of permits for hunting common species combined with fines for those caught with rare species.

This paper asks under what conditions it is possible for a wildlife department in west Africa without an external budget to protect all rare and endangered species, and if so, what is the impact on rural inhabitants engaged in hunting. Protecting wildlife in this region is particularly tricky. Hunting is important for rural livelihoods, but when unregulated can result in the loss of species. Government funding for wildlife departments is rarely sufficient and so they must increasingly look towards revenue-generating activities such as the sale of permits for hunting common species combined with fines for those caught with rare species.

Professor Hutchison is a very distinguished historian of
economic thought who has hitherto written little or nothing in the field
of economic policy-making. In this book he is concerned not so much with
economic policy as with econo¬mists as advisers on economic policy. His
method is the method of the historian of economic thought. He looks at
different economists recommending and criticising policies, looks at the
outcomes of policies and sizes up the value of the advice. As one of
those whom among many others he has chosen to dissect in this way, I
have no ground for complaint. My fellow specimens differ in different
periods. Those who most frequently appear on his paper include Harrod,
Balogh, Robertson, Hicks, Joan Robinson, Kahn, Johnson, Warswick, Dow,
Kaldor, Day, Paish. He looks at what was written during various periods
and in relation to the issues of those periods: the early post-War phase
of adjust¬ment to the post-War world and the devaluation of 1949; the
post-Korean ex¬pansion and the new monetary policy of 1951-55; the
development of growth consciousness and of persistent inflation during
1955-60; the continuing pro¬blems of growth and those of entry into the
common market during 1960-66, where his story ends. It is fascinative,
particularly for the victims, to look again in hind-sight and see where
one was reasonably right and where one was obviously wrong.

It is extraordinary how little is known about the engineers who produced the water wheels, steam engines, textile and other machinery of the early Industrial Revolution. In most economic histories of this period there are merely a few brief and vague references to smiths, carpenters, and millwrights, based on Smiles or Fairbairn, with no contemporary evidence whatever. Most accounts of the development of mechanical engineering normally begin with Bramah and Maudslay, from about 1800, and carry on with such renowned nineteenth-century names as Fairbairn, Roberts, Whitworth, and Nasmyth. Before the nineteenth century, we are usually led to believe, mechanical engineering hardly existed. This belief is largely based on nineteenth-century evidence. William Fairbairn, for example, stated that when he first came to Manchester, in 1814, "the whole of the machinery was executed by hand. There were neither planing, slotting, nor shaping machines; and, with the exception of very imperfect lathes, and a few drills, the preparatory operations of construction were effected entirely by the hands of the workmen." Similarly, the Select Committee on Exportation of Machinery reported in 1841 that "[machine] tools have introduced a revolution in machinery, and tool-making has become a distinct branch of mechanics, and a very important trade, although twenty years ago it was scarcely known."