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Typically, when using Oaxaca's decomposition to measure discrimination against females, either the wage regression for males or the wage regression for females is used as the "non-discriminatory" wage. The appropriate method for estimating discrimination depends upon whether discrimination consists of a bias against females, a bias for males, or some combination of both. This paper uses a wage frontier approach to estimate the "true" wage regression for both males and females. This approach for measuring discrimination does not require the assumption that the "non-discriminatory" wage is either the male or the female wage.

This conceptual integration addresses how positive and negative mood states influence information processing in groups. In addition to the impact of mood on attention and arousal, the review develops the notion of dominant cognitive processing strategies that mediate the influence of positive and negative moods on information processing in groups. Positive moods are proposed to reinforce dominant cognitive processing strategies while negative moods inhibit or revise such dominant cognitive processing strategies. Principles derived from several mood-cognition models are applied to group information processes related to attention, encoding, storage, retrieval, processing objectives, response, and feedback. The impacts of mood states are discussed in relation to group themes of convergence-divergence, commonality-uniqueness, and accentuation-attenuation of cognitive processes. The analysis leads to new implications for small group topics such as metacognition, group learning, motivated information processing in groups, communication, mood dynamics, and mood composition. The principles described can inspire numerous directions for future research.

Objectives. This article provides an examination of how men and women spend their recreational attendance time and how their behavior differs when they are single and married. The battle of the sexes model and the theory of artistic human capital acquisition from one's spouse both suggest that married individuals will have different patterns of attendance than singles.Methods. Using data from the Performing Arts Research Coalition, we estimate a number of models to examine the differences between male and female attendance at art, professional sports, and popular culture events for those single and married.Results. We find that single males prefer sports, while single females prefer the arts. As predicted by the battle of the sexes model, men are more likely and women less likely to attend art events after marriage. This increase in male attendance is also predicted by human capital models of attendance that argue that the choice of art events is based on acquired tastes that can be influenced by the human capital of one's spouse. The battle of the sexes model, however, also predicts a decline in male and an increase in female attendance at professional sports. We find a small increase in female, but also an increase in male, attendance.Conclusions. The behavior of married and single males and females tends to correspond to the predictions made by the battle of the sexes and human capital models of attendance.

This study investigated the impressions conveyed by enhancing, deprecating, or more balanced self-descriptions, all presented without corroborating evidence. Subjects estimated the honesty, self-knowledge, authenticity, and likability of individuals to whom brief self-descriptive statements were attributed. Although self-enhancers were rated as more likable than self-deprecators, those who presented balanced self-descriptions were rated as significantly more authentic, and significantly more likable, than those who made either deprecating or enhancing statements about themselves. However, multiple regressions indicated that self-deprecators and self-enhancers were disliked for somewhat different reasons. Self-enhancers were liked less than those who described themselves in balanced terms primarily because they were judged less honest. In contrast, self-deprecators were disliked partly because they were perceived as lacking in knowledge about themselves. These results are interpreted in terms of the discounting and augmentation principles of attribution theory.

"Browse a bookstore's philosophy section and you will find hefty tomes devoted to the analysis of single concepts such as friendship, authenticity, guilt, power, morality, freedom, and evil. Scholars wrestle with the precise meaning of these concepts because they are inherently abstract. Unlike concepts that refer to categories of things that we experience with our senses, these concepts lack a concrete referent existing in the world outside ourselves--you cannot see evil, for instance. It is therefore remarkable that, generally speaking, people seem to have little difficulty making sense of these and other abstract concepts. They form impressions of coworkers' friendliness and authenticity, suffer the pangs of guilt, buy luxury goods to advertise their power, judge the moral implications of political policy, and support wars to spread freedom and stem the tide of evil. The question then becomes: What cognitive processes do people normally use to grasp the abstract concepts that lie at the center of their social life? This book explores the possibility that people understand and experience abstract social concepts using metaphor. From this perspective, metaphor is not--as conventional wisdom would have it--simply a matter of words; rather, it is a cognitive tool that people routinely use to understand abstract concepts (e.g., morality) in terms of superficially dissimilar concepts that are relatively easier to comprehend (e.g., cleanliness)--Introduction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

AbstractSucceeding within the friendship domain is likely to require skills related to both agency and communion. Based on such thinking, this study assessed variations in friendship competence (FC) using a recently developed test that conceptualizes FC in ability‐based terms. In addition, extensive information was obtained from participants (n = 188), their best friends (n = 161), and peers (n = 453) who were knowledgeable concerning the best friend relationship. Participants obtaining higher (relative to lower) FC scores responded to simulated challenges in ways implicating greater attention to both helpfulness and practicality and they reported higher levels of intimacy in their best friend relationships. Although friendship competence was less successful in predicting best friend outcomes, peers of participants with higher FC levels viewed their targets as more socially skilled in both agentic and communal terms. The results, in total, provide critical knowledge concerning competent friendship functioning.

AbstractPeople are thought to differ in their abilities to perceive, understand, and manage emotions, a construct termed emotional intelligence (EI). North Dakota emotional abilities test (NEAT), a test of EI based on the situation judgment test method, assesses EI applied to work settings. Three survey‐based studies examined and found that NEAT scores correlated positively with constructive motivations and behavioral intentions (Study 1; n = 94), conflict handling strategies favoring mutual interests (Study 2; n = 92), and helpful workplace behaviors, particularly under stressful conditions (Study 3; n = 90). These findings could possess particular value in domains such as conflict resolution and mediation.

Replication efforts involving large samples are recommended in helping to determine the reliability of an effect. This approach was taken for a study from Meier, Robinson, and Clore (2004) , one of the first papers in social cognition guided by conceptual metaphor theory, which reported that evaluations were faster when word valence metaphorically matched (e.g., a word with a negative meaning in black) rather than mismatched (e.g., a word with a negative meaning in white) font color. The present investigation was a direct large-scale replication attempt involving 980 participants who completed an experiment using web-based software and were diverse in terms of race, age, and geographical location. Words with a positive meaning were evaluated faster when font color was white rather than black and words with a negative meaning were evaluated faster when font color was black rather than white, replicating the main results of Meier et al. (2004) .